Eco Week

Bye bye QE, here comes QT 

01/17/2022
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The minutes of the December meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) have shown a distinct and sudden shift towards a more hawkish stance. The reduction of the pace of net asset purchases (tapering) has been stepped up, the first rate hike is expected to come earlier and the FOMC participants favour an early start and a faster pace of quantitative tightening (QT). Although they are more relaxed about QT than in 2017, it remains a tricky operation. The challenge will be to find the right balance between QT and the number of rate hikes in order to bring inflation under control without jeopardizing growth. History shows that achieving a soft landing is difficult.

10-year Treasury and Bund yield since the start of 2021

Since the global financial crisis of 2008, the management of the size of the central bank’s balance sheet has become an integral part of the monetary policy toolkit, alongside the policy rate and forward guidance. This applies when the emphasis is on policy easing but also when the focus is on reducing monetary accommodation, like is the case now in the US. Indeed, the minutes of the December meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) have shown a distinct and sudden shift towards a more hawkish stance. This has put upward pressure on government bond yields in the US and abroad (chart 1).

This shift comes on top of the upward revision of the FOMC members’ interest rate projections –the ‘dots’- and the announcement of a faster reduction in the net asset purchases (tapering). It is reflected in the comment that “it may become warranted to increase the federal funds rate sooner or at a faster pace than participants had earlier anticipated” and in the ‘discussion of policy normalization considerations’. Regarding the latter, the key takeaways from the minutes are that “almost all participants agreed that it would likely be appropriate to initiate balance sheet runoff at some point after the first increase in the target range for the federal funds rate”.

Federal Reserve balance sheet, federal funds rate and Treasury yield

Moreover, “many participants judged that the appropriate pace of balance sheet runoff would likely be faster than it was during the previous normalization episode.” This is a big difference with 2017 when the rate hike cycle was already well underway before the balance sheet runoff (quantitative tightening, QT) started (chart 2). Moreover, on that occasion, the unease about the potential impact of QT on financial markets was such that Fed Chair Janet Yellen compared the reduction of the Fed’s balance sheet to watching paint dry, i.e. something very uneventful.[1]

At the current juncture, the FOMC participants favour an early start and a faster pace of QT because, compared with 2016-17, the economic outlook is much stronger, inflation is higher, the labour market looks tighter and the balance sheet is much larger. Nevertheless, QT remains a tricky operation. One, the impact on flows in the market is potentially significant. When Treasury securities reach their maturity date, new securities will be issued but, when the Federal Reserve is running off its balance sheet, it will not reinvest or at least not for the full amount[2]. Other investors, both in the US and abroad, will have to increase their holdings of Treasuries and may need to be enticed to do so, which will put upward pressure on bond yields.[3]

However, this also depends on net issuance, which is driven by the budget deficit. This latter is expected to decline whereby the effect in terms of flows would dominate that coming from QT.[4] Two, QT and policy rate hikes are substitutes. Both are supposed to slow down growth. The bigger the reduction in the balance sheet, the less room there is to increase the federal funds rate.

As a consequence, in the next easing cycle, the potential for cutting rates may be rapidly exhausted. This may push the Fed to favour rate hikes and to limit the runoff of its balance sheet. Three, FOMC participants consider that “as in the previous normalization episode … changes in the target range for the federal funds rate should be the Committee’s primary means for adjusting the stance of monetary policy” because there is less uncertainty about the effects of an increase in official interest rates. Moreover, it is easier to communicate to the general public about interest rate hikes than about QT.

Considering that the FOMC seems to be quite relaxed about using QT, the debate will center around speed and size of the runoff. The challenge will be to find the right balance between QT and rate hikes in order to bring inflation under control without jeopardizing growth. History shows that achieving a soft landing is difficult. Several FOMC members have expressed concerns about vulnerabilities in the Treasury market in reaction to quantitative tightening, but eventually the real vulnerability will be in riskier asset classes like equities, corporate bonds or real estate due to mounting fears about the growth outlook.

Several FOMC members have expressed concerns about vulnerabilities in the Treasury market in reaction to quantitative tightening, but eventually the real vulnerability will be in riskier asset classes like equities, corporate bonds or real estate due to mounting fears about the growth outlook.


[1]It will be like watching paint dry, that this will just be something that runs quietly in the background.” Source: Federal Reserve, Transcript of Chair Yellen’s Press Conference, 14 June 2017.

[2] The same reasoning of course applies for the mortgage-backed securities bought by the Federal Reserve.

[3] Chart 2 shows the complex relationship between the federal funds rate and the size of the balance sheet on the one hand and Treasury yields on the other hand. The rate hike cycle that started at the end of 2016 caused an increase in bond yields and QT -which started in October 2017 and ended in August 2019- initially probably contributed to this development. In the fall of 2018 however, investors started to anticipate that the peak in the federal funds rate was about to be reached. This triggered a decline in Treasury yields although the balance sheet runoff continued.

[4] BNPP Global Markets Rates Strategy expects the reduction of the Fed’s balance sheet to reach USD 100 bn per month by December 2022 yet the net supply of US Treasuries is projected to decline from USD 1050 bn in 2021, to USD 934 bn in 2022 and USD 592 bn in 2023.

THE ECONOMISTS WHO PARTICIPATED IN THIS ARTICLE

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