Based in Paris, BNP Paribas' Economic Research Department is composed of economists and statisticians:
The Economic Research department’s mission is to cater to the economic research needs of the clients, business lines and functions of BNP Paribas. Our team of economists and statisticians covers a large number of advanced, developing and emerging countries, the real economy, financial markets and banking. As we foster the sharing of our research output with anyone who is interested in the economic situation or who needs insight into specific economic issues, this website presents our analysis, videos and podcasts.
anis.bensaidani@bnpparibas.com
Economic growth in the United States remained strong in Q3, with GDP growth of +0.7% q/q (stable compared to Q2). The acceleration in household consumption (+0.9% q/q, +0.2 pp) confirmed its role as a growth driver, while non-residential investment (+0.8% q/q) and government spending (+1.2% q/q) also made a positive contribution. Conversely, residential investment and net exports were a drag. In Q4, we expect growth to decline slightly to +0.5% q/q, which would bring the average annual growth rate to +2.7% (-0.2 pp) for 2024 as a whole.
The Japanese economy slowed down in the third quarter, with GDP growth declining to +0.2% q/q (-0.3 pp) – a pace that is expected to continue in the fourth quarter. However, it is worth highlighting the acceleration in private consumption (+0.9% q/q, +0.2 pp). Conversely, investment figures were negative, both for the residential component (-0.1% q/q, -1.5 pp) and the non-residential component (-0.2% q/q, -1.1 pp). The largest negative contribution (-0.4 pp) came from net exports, with growth in imports (+2.1% q/q) significantly exceeding the exports one (+0.4% q/q).
The second-last FOMC Meeting of 2024 has resulted in a 25bps cut in the Fed Funds Target Range, to +4.5% - +4.75%. The steps ahead promise to prove trickier for the Fed, as the landing is still pending, and in view of Trump’s win. Indeed, the President-elect’s hostility towards Powell is common knowledge, while many of his policy plans are associated with an increased inflation-risk.
The presidential election on 5 November is associated with underlying but potentially decisive economic issues.Political aspects: The election pits Vice President Kamala Harris (Democrat) against former President Donald Trump (Republican). The winner will take office on 20 January 2025. The election looks set to be particularly closely contested, despite the momentum in Donald Trump's favour at the end of the campaign. At the same time, voters will be deciding on the composition of the next Congress, which will significantly affect the new administration's room for manoeuvre.Economic context: The vote comes against a backdrop of an apparently stronger economy. This is illustrated by solid macroeconomic performances, despite recent shocks, which are seemingly auguring a soft landing
U.S. economic growth, a priori, remained robust in the third quarter. The Atlanta Fed’s GDPnow estimates GDP growth at +0.8% q/q (+0.1pp compared to Q2 2024). Household consumption remains the principal driver, as illustrated by the acceleration of the retail sales control group in September (+0.7% m/m, +0.4pp). Activity in services improved in the same month in view of the jump in the ISM non-manufacturing index to 54.9 (+3.4pp). On the other hand, the ISM manufacturing index remained in contraction territory, stable at +47.2 despite the improvement in the “output” component (+5.0pp).
Activity surveys were negative in October. Jibun Bank’s preliminary survey reported a decline in the manufacturing PMI to 49.0 (-0.7pp). The decline was more pronounced for activity in the services sector, with the corresponding PMI losing 3.8pp to 49.3, contracting for the first time since June. According to the Bank of Japan’s (BoJ) quarterly Tankan survey, the overall business climate improved slightly in Q3, but remained stable for large manufacturing companies. We expect growth to fall to +0.3% q/q in Q3 (-0.4pp compared to Q2 2024), due to the dissipation of the technical upturn that had buoyed it in the previous quarter.
On 18 September, the Federal Reserve (Fed) decided to lower its target range to +4.75% - +5.0% (-50 bps), initiating an easing of rates that looks set to continue during upcoming FOMC meetings. The direction of the movement is driven by the simultaneous slowdowns in the labour market and inflation. The scale of this movement aims to maintain a dynamic economy and falls within a broad and unprecedented interpretation of its dual mandate. Our baseline scenario suggests that disinflation will continue during the projection period with no recession in the meantime. At the same time, the United States is heading towards an even more significant presidential election than usual.
The Bank of Japan is continuing with its incremental and cautious monetary tightening, with a single policy rate hike in Q3, which is expected to precede further movement in December, while the July decision has contributed to major financial market volatility. At the same time, the economy is recovering from a turbulent start to the year and inflation is still above the 2% target. In addition, the country has a new Prime Minister and early general elections are now scheduled for October 27th.
Australian growth is facing an undeniable slowdown, which is linked to the prolonged constraints on households as a result of rising prices and interest rates, as well as slowing demand from its Asian trading partners. Stubborn inflation is currently an obstacle to easing interest rates. On the other hand, the migratory influx is boosting a labour market which remains buoyant.
The September FOMC meeting kick-started the Fed’s easing cycle with a significant 50bps cut in the Federal Funds Target Rate, leaving it at +4.75% - +5.0%. Unusually, this large step was taken even as the US economy remains strong, and explicitly with a view to keeping it so. Effectively, macroeconomic conditions having induced a shift in the Fed’s priorities towards the ‘maximum employment’ component of its dual mandate, while still not declaring mission accomplished on the inflation side
We expect September 17-18 FOMC Meeting to result in a 25bps decrease in the Federal Funds Target Rate to 5.0% - 5.25% - barring a huge surprise. This move will launch the beginning of an easing cycle for monetary policy. The combination of improved data and outlook for inflation and the ‘unmistakable’ softening of the labour market leads to a shift in the Fed’s priorities, paving the way for rate cuts. A few thoughts beyond the direction change:
Expectations in terms of growth for Q2 remain favourable: we expect it to be +0.6% q/q compared to +0.5% q/q for the Atlanta Fed's GDPNow. However, several elements suggest a more difficult Q3. The ISM surveys in June returned a negative signal: mixed for the manufacturing component, which deteriorated marginally, to 48.5 (-0.2 points), against a backdrop of falling production (48.5, -1.7 points), more marked for the non-manufacturing index, which fell to 48.8 (-5.0 points), against a backdrop of a correction in activity (49.6, -11.6 points), and a deterioration in new orders (47.3, -6.8 points). The NFIB (Small Business Optimism Index) again rose only slightly in June (91.5, +1
Japan's economic growth should benefit from a technical upturn in Q2: we expect growth of 0.5% q/q after the contraction in Q1 (revised downwards to -0.7% q/q). The outlook remains negative – particularly for demand, despite the tax cuts introduced in June – while household consumption spending contracted by -1.8% y/y in May. Furthermore, while wage increases (excluding bonuses) reached their highest level since 1993 in May (+2.5% y/y), a sign of the growing transmission of negotiated wage increases (+5.1% y/y according to the Rengo trade union), real incomes are still not rising (-1.4% y/y).
Since a 1977 act, the dual mandate of the Federal Reserve (Fed) has de jure entrusted it with the objectives of maximum employment and price stability (the latter being expected to favour the former in the long term). However, these objectives can come into conflict and, as has been the case since March 2022, the Fed may have to give clear priority to reducing inflation at the risk of damaging employment and output. This refers to the concept of sacrifice ratio or trade-off, i.e. the expected cumulative deterioration of the latter to help bring inflation back to its target (2%).
US inflation seems to have resumed its downward trajectory in Q2 2024, after a Q1 of price acceleration that led the Federal Reserve (Fed) to revise, in June, its expectations for rate cuts for the year (from three to one, in line with our own forecasts). At the same time, economic activity remains strong, although it has lost some of its momentum.
While quarterly growth and inflation are expected to rise in the second quarter, the Bank of Japan is proceeding cautiously following its decision in March to end negative interest rates. A new plan for the pace of bond purchases will therefore be presented in July, while we expect just one further rate hike this year, probably in September. In addition, the domestic currency has continued to deteriorate, prompting the authorities to intervene in the foreign exchange market and fuelling fears of imported inflation.
In 2023, Denmark experienced dynamic and above-expected economic growth, in the form of an illusion given the preponderance of the pharmaceutical sector. This sector turned into the country’s main asset, to such an extent that fears of increasing dependence have appeared. Furthermore, inflation has fallen significantly since the 2023 high, while the Danish central bank is expected to continue to ease policy in line with the ECB.
The massive monetary tightening policy undertaken by the Federal Reserve, starting in March 2022, in order to combat soaring inflation, has driven up mortgage interest rates. This sharp uptick in rates has in turn led to a significant deterioration in demand metrics of the US residential real estate market (notably mortgage applications and existing home sales).Nevertheless, the buoyancy of the US economy at the aggregate level and the healthy financial situation of households have prevented the housing crisis from turning into a systemic crisis. The surge in mortgage rates has also affected the existing home supply, prompting a lock-in effect which has led to an unprecedented divergence between new and existing home sales, which was although insufficient to support the whole market.
The still-elevated level of inflation in annual change and its increasing momentum have continued to adversely affect morale in US households. In April, consumer confidence, as measured by the Conference Board, fell for the third month in a row (97.0, -6.1 pp), ultimately cancelling out the progress seen at the end of 2023. Similarly, the University of Michigan survey reported a drop in its Index of Consumer Sentiment in May, with a score of 69.1 (-10.5), the lowest since November.
In line with our expectations, the Japanese economy experienced a 0.5% q/q contraction in GDP in Q1 2024. This contraction was likely linked to the disruptions caused by the earthquake on 1 January on the Noto peninsula and the temporary closure of car manufacturing plants amid a safety scandal. GDP components pointed to a broad weakness in the economy with, primarily, a fourth consecutive contraction in household consumption, which was the main driver of the fall. In addition, the release was accompanied by growth in Q4 2023 being revised down to +0.0% q/q (from +0.1% previously). However, activity is expected to rebound in Q2, with our forecasts pointing to a growth rate of +0.8% q/q.
In the first quarter, the median economic projections of the FOMC members maintain the scenario of three rate cuts for 2024. “Wait” is now the Federal Reserve’s watchword: wait for the data, wait for more data, wait for the full effects of tightening, and wait for evidence that inflation is definitely on the way to 2% to become more substantial. In this respect, the first quarter of 2024 was disappointing. On the other side of the balance of risks, economic activity is still buoyant and does not need the timetable to be accelerated. Thus, the event of a delayed and smaller decrease in the policy rate has gained credibility, and we are now forecasting two rate cuts in 2024, bringing the Fed Funds rate to 4.75-5.00% at the end of the year.
The Bank of Japan has made an admittedly expected, yet nonetheless historic, decision to end its so-called Negative Interest Rate Policy (NIRP), against the backdrop of an almost unprecedented long-term rise in the general price level. However, monetary normalisation will be an incremental process, with the current weak business activity, illustrated by an expected negative growth rate in the first quarter of 2024 and low expectations for the entire year, leaving no scope for any significant tightening.
The Federal Reserve releases the Summary of Economic Projections (SEP) following the last meeting of the quarter. These forecasts are closely scrutinized as they include the “dot plots”, i.e. the median trajectory of the medium-term policy rate by the members of the Committee. The Q4 2023 projections included three rate cuts (of 25 bps each) in 2024, for a rate target of 4.6% at year-end. At the same time, the Fed Chair, Jerome Powell, noted progress on the inflation front (CPI at +3.2% y/y in Q4 2023, v. +7.1% y/y a year earlier), but refused to declare victory.
US economic activity slowed slightly in February, according to the ISM survey. It reported a deterioration in the business climate in the manufacturing sector, putting a halt to three months of increases, with the associated index standing at 47.8 (-1.3pp).
March saw an improvement in activity in Japan, according to the Jibun Bank PMI survey. Both the manufacturing index (48.2, +1.0pp), thanks to a widespread rise in the main sub-components, and the non-manufacturing index (54.9, +1.3pp) recovered, allowing the Composite index to reach its highest level since August 2023 (52.3, +1.7pp).
