Based in Paris, BNP Paribas' Economic Research Department is composed of economists and statisticians:
The Economic Research department’s mission is to cater to the economic research needs of the clients, business lines and functions of BNP Paribas. Our team of economists and statisticians covers a large number of advanced, developing and emerging countries, the real economy, financial markets and banking. As we foster the sharing of our research output with anyone who is interested in the economic situation or who needs insight into specific economic issues, this website presents our analysis, videos and podcasts.
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Since 2005, the emission trading system, also called carbon market, is at the heart of the European strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.This device that covers around 45% of carbon emissions is based on the simple principle of "polluter pays".The entities concerned, mainly the most polluting industrial sites, but also the intra-EU airlines, are given emission allowances by public authorities. These are tons of carbon which they can emit into the atmosphere every year.When they reach the limit, they have to obtain additional rights on the markets or bilaterally. This has a cost. So it is a financial incentive to adopt less polluting production methods based on renewable energies for instance.
Polluting has never been so expensive. Since mid-February 2023, CO2 permits have been trading at more than €100 per ton in the European Union for the first time since the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) was created in 2005.
With the war in UKraine, the European Union (EU) has had to find alternative sources of energy supply in emergency and at a significant cost.
Europe is still well-placed in the race to adopt more environmentally-friendly lifestyles and to switch over to electric cars, despite being disadvantaged by its higher energy costs.
From Adam Smith to the present day, nations' wealth has been built on fossil fuels. Coal, oil and gas have become a vital part of our lifestyles. In 2022, they still account for 83% of the world’s primary mix, that is to say what essentially feeds economic activity.
2022 is not over, but it is likely to set an absolute record for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions after the 2019 peak. The resumption of air and road traffic, the intensification of the use of coal as a substitute for Russian gas, or simply the fact that the global economy has continued to expand despite a lagging China and the United States, leave little room for doubt. In its latest Global Energy Review, the International Energy Agency (IEA) notes that 2021 already saw CO2 emissions rise sharply in comparison to 2020 (by 6%) due to the post-Covid recovery. Coal, on the other hand, was one of the main drivers of the upturn
Once protected by the logic of “whatever the cost”, household purchasing power in Europe is now threatened by inflation. After the pandemic, public policies are being solicited once again to help reduce the loss of purchasing power, albeit without really succeeding. In 2022, the real disposable income of Eurozone households is expected to decline by about 2.5%. Consumption is still rising, but only because the household savings rate is declining, a trend that masks extremely diverse situations.
With inflation soaring, the US Federal Reserve announced that it would accelerate the process of normalising its monetary policy. Held near the lower zero bound until March, the key policy rate should rise to roughly 2% or even higher by the end of the year. The Fed will also reduce the size of its balance sheet. Operating at full employment, the US economy seems to have recovered sufficiently from the health crisis to pass muster. Yet it is still sensitive to credit conditions and is not immunised against the impact of the war in Ukraine.
Sweden has bet heavily on renewable energy sources, a strategy that is now paying off at a time when oil and gas prices are soaring. Although accelerating, Sweden’s inflation rate is still one of the lowest in Europe, at a little more than 4%. For Swedish households, the resulting loss of purchasing power has been mild, and partially offset by government support measures. But that is not the biggest worry: by invading Ukraine, Russia has shifted Swedish public opinion and rekindled the debate about joining NATO.
Thwarted since the beginning of the year by a strong surge in the Covid-19 pandemic, the economic recovery is now threatened by the repercussions of Russia’s military offensive in Ukraine. Given its geographic location, Finland is highly dependent on Russia for its energy imports, and its energy bill has already risen considerably. After reporting GDP growth of 3.3% in 2021, Finland is unlikely to meet the European Commission’s 2022 forecast of 3%.
The time has passed for unlimited fiscal and monetary support in the UK, and priority is now being given to reducing deficits and lowering inflation. To counter the shock triggered by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, which promises to further increase the energy and food bills of UK households, the government’s measures to boost purchasing power seem to be rather mild so far. Consequently, we foresee a significant economic slowdown in 2022.
Very few survey results are available yet for March 2022, but they are all mediocre, which shows that the harmful impact of Russia’s war in Ukraine is not limited solely to Europe. Although it hasn’t collapsed, the Conference Board’s household confidence index has fallen from peak levels. In the Philadelphia and New York regions, industrial leaders are seeing darker horizons, which is probably due as well to the resurgence of the Covid-19 pandemic in China, which promises to further aggravate supply chain tensions that are already very high.
The UK is by no means the country with the greatest trade exposure to Russia: it buys virtually no Russian gas and in 2019, sent only 0.7% of its goods exports there (compared to 2% for Germany, for instance). Even so, in the UK, as in the whole of Europe, sanctions and shortages resulting from Russia’s war in Ukraine will increase inflationary pressures and damage economic prospects. The Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) has cut its growth forecast for 2022 from 6% to 3.8%, whilst inflation could climb from 6.2% in February to a peak of 9% by the year end.
Although the war in Ukraine is casting shadows on the global economy, the Federal Reserve announced that it would rapidly normalise US monetary policy. The Fed’s main arguments for taking action include surging inflation, which is also spreading widely, as well as tight labour market conditions and tensions over wages. As the self-sustaining nature of price increases is still open for debate, the projected tightening of monetary policy looks surprisingly strong. In an economic environment accustomed to cheap borrowing costs, the Fed’s move is not without risks regarding the future path of activity.
Unlike the European Union, which is relatively dependent on Russian energy, the United States does not have the highest exposure to the shock. As the world’s leading hydrocarbon producer, the US can even offset the shortfall of Russian production, at least partially. But in a more uncertain environment that is less propitious for spending, the US economy will not be sheltered. Looking beyond the stock market decline, a few business climate indicators, including the Philly Fed Index and the Empire Manufacturing Index, have already begun to signal a less euphoric environment.
In the UK, like elsewhere, the upsurge in inflation is proving a constant source of surprise, and is prompting the central bank to act. Annual inflation is currently over 5% and the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) expects it to hit 7% in April, its highest level for three decades. In response, the Bank of England is raising interest rates. Set at 0.1% during the crisis, its base rate was raised to 0.25% in December and then by a further quarter-point in February. Further rate hikes will follow, since the MPC, in line with market expectations, is aiming to increase the base rate to 1.50% by mid-2023.
The latest US economic data can be viewed in two ways. The optimistic approach would be to welcome strong Q4 2021 growth (6.7% annualised) and the fact that the economy is now almost no remaining Covid after-effects, since output has already moved back to its pre-pandemic trajectory. The second and more cautious approach would be to point out that investment has moved sideways and that growth would have been much weaker (1.6% annualised) without the exceptional contribution of inventories.
One year after the UK’s effective withdrawal from the EU Single Market, the balance of opinions about the country’s new solo adventure has never been so negative (50% of the population believe that it was a bad decision; only 38% think the opposite, with 12% not offering an opinion). Although the shock of the Covid-19 pandemic makes analysis harder, the costs of Brexit are clear in a number of trends, starting with figures for international trade.
The Fed gets serious. Faced with an unprecedented increase in inflation (6.9% y/y in November, probably scarcely less in December) the Federal Reserve will tighten monetary policy more than previously expected.
With the inflationary surge in the US showing no signs of stopping, the Federal Reserve is no longer taking a accommodative stance and could accelerate the tapering of quantitative easing. Inflation has also spread to asset prices: real estate and stock prices have climbed to peak levels. Unless the emergence of the Omicron variant radically changes the situation, everything points to a key rate hike in 2022, possibly as early as next summer.
Confronted like the rest of Europe by an upsurge in Covid-19 cases, Finland has reintroduced protective health measures that could temporarily dampen its recovery. Estimated at 3.4% in 2021, GDP growth could still reach 2.8% in 2022 according to the European Commission. After taking a reasonable approach to “whatever the cost”, the government is now seeking to consolidate public finances.
To raise or not to raise interest rates? That is the question facing the Bank of England as inflation accelerates and the number of Covid-19 cases surges again, this time with Omicron, the new Covid-19 “variant of concern”. After rebounding strongly through summer 2021, economic growth has also lost the support of public spending, and is showing a few signs of levelling off.
Faced with the Covid-19 pandemic, Norway managed to minimise the human toll as well as its economic losses. In 2021, the country largely benefited from the rebound in natural gas and oil prices. Activity has already exceeded pre-pandemic levels, the housing market is booming, and the public accounts have swung back into their usual surpluses. One of the very first central banks to raise its key rates, Norges Bank esteems that the current situation is in keeping with the normalisation of monetary policy. Yet the roadmap still depends on the health situation, which like elsewhere in the world, is deteriorating.
The rising trend in prices in the USA is far from over and has become a real focus of attention. In November 2021, inflation was 6.8% year-on-year (yy), its highest level since June 1982. Although soaring energy prices (up 33% yy) contributed to the increase in the cost of living, as in previous months, these were no longer the sole cause. Even stripping out energy and food, inflation was still 4.9% in November, another record. Having risen by 3.9% yy, rents, which represent the main item of expenditure for households (33% of the index), are beginning to have a significant effect. Far from being anecdotal, their increase has accelerated month after month in the wake of the surge in real estate prices
Although there was no lack of effort from the British government in dealing with the coronavirus pandemic (20 points of GDP was directly transferred to the economy to tackle the health crisis, twice the European average), it was also one of the first to have decreed the end of “whatever it takes”. In October, the main employment support measures – the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme and the Self-Employed Income Support Scheme – came to an end.
