The latest quarterly survey of the European Commission of factors limiting the production of companies shows that few services companies mention insufficient demand as an issue. The score of the financial factor is on the rise but remains below average. Supply side factors remain at exceptionally high levels. A priori, one would expect that the combination of strong demand and constrained supply will influence the price setting behaviour of companies. However, regression analysis shows that these factors only explain a small part of the fluctuation in services inflation. Wage growth and the input prices PMI do a far better job. They will need to see a significant decline for services inflation to converge to 2.0%. This will take time.
GDP growth, inflation, interest rates and exchange rates
In July, there was still divergence between the main OECD economies. Economic surveys showed signs of a more marked slowdown in Europe than in the United States, where various indicators (non-manufacturing ISM, household surveys) even improved.
Economic activity in the eurozone is showing clearer signs of weakening, and our Nowcast now foresees a stagnation in real GDP in the second quarter of 2023. Retail sales were stable during the first two months of Q2. Survey data also offers little reassurance and seems to indicate a possible relapse in activity in Q3 which we currently estimate at -0.1% q/q: the composite PMI index deteriorated significantly in June, falling below the threshold of 50, to 49.9. The manufacturing sector index fell further into contraction and is now at levels comparable to those seen during 2020, in the midst of the pandemic.
Economic surveys pointed once again to a downturn, including the ifo Business Climate Index (88.5 in June compared to 93.4 in April) and the ZEW Indicator of Economic Sentiment (-14.7 in July compared to 28.1 in February). The erratic momentum of factory orders, which were up 6.4% m/m in May (after a low point in April 2023 not seen since May 2013), underlines one of the constraints at work: the irregularity of activity in transport equipment, which remains subject to sporadic supply difficulties. This phenomenon is generating high volatility in production, both in the aeronautics sector and the automotive sector (lower in April with an upturn in May, as also seen in France).
The downturn in economic surveys highlights a drop in demand (contraction of balance of opinion on global and export order books), particularly in the manufacturing sector. The sectors most sensitive to the economic cycle (chemicals, plastics, metals, packaging, wholesale trade and transport services) are all experiencing a marked drop in their synthetic confidence index. In the construction sector, the balance of opinion on the activity in new housing fell again to -22.5 in July (-10.7 in April). By contrast, leisure-related services, information-communication, transport equipment and part of the construction sector (new building excluding housing, maintenance-renovation) are still growing.
Economic activity in Spain remains dynamic. The fall in inflation, combined with employment gains this year, constitutes significant support for activity, which will counteract the increase in mortgage payments faced by some households. We now anticipate stable and moderate growth in activity at 0.4% q/q for the second and third quarters of this year. Retail sales in volume terms recovered in April (+4.1% m/m) before edging back down the following month (-0.4% m/m). Tourism activity in the spring suggests a summer season that will be, if not exceptional, at least as successful as 2019, which has been a record year to date: in May 2023, several indicators (number of foreign tourists entering the country, hotel stays) were above the levels recorded in the same period in 2019.
Although in May, the business climate might well have suggested a future recession, in June, things looked less clear. Admittedly, the further drop in the manufacturing ISM, to 46 in June, brought it to its lowest level since the 2008 crisis (excluding the Covid period). However, the message conveyed by the non-manufacturing ISM was noticeably different, with a rebound to 53.9 in June, compared to 50.3 in May.
The UK economy contracted in May (-0.1% m/m) according to the ONS, after growth of 0.2% m/m in April. The services sector stagnated, while industrial production and construction fell by 0.6% and 0.2% m/m respectively. According to the June PMI survey, activity increased in the services sector, but decreased in the manufacturing sector. While the extra bank holiday for King Charles III’s coronation probably contributed to the downturn in activity in May, the UK economy remains in a more extended slowdown phase. The economy stagnated indeed on average over 3 months in May.
The Japanese economy continued its post-pandemic recovery in May and June, although this remains fragile. According to the final estimate for May, industrial production contracted by 2.2% m/m but increased by 4.2% year-on-year. At the same time, activity in the tertiary sector grew by 1.2% m/m and 1.8% y/y. The latest PMI survey also indicates that economic activity expanded in June (composite index in expansion at 52). Nevertheless, a distinction must be made between the manufacturing sector index, which fell back into the contraction zone (49.8), and the services index, which continued to grow (54), although at a slower pace than in May.
Each quarter, the European Commission asks companies about the factors limiting their production: insufficient demand, supply constraints (labour market, shortage of material and/or equipment) and a financial factor. The survey can help in getting a better understanding of the inflation drivers. A quantitative model of producer price inflation suggests that the pace of disinflation will be slow considering that, contrary to the demand factor, which is close to its long-term average, supply factors in industry continue to act a constraint on production far more than is the case normally. Although the analysis was conducted in terms of producer price inflation, given its close relation with consumer price inflation (HICP) in the Eurozone , the conclusions are also relevant for the latter.
GDP growth, inflation, interest and exchange rates
It's summertime, so, with mass departures coming during the holiday season, a good opportunity to look at ongoing transformations in transport. In France, this sector is by far the biggest source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions: 126 million tons of CO2 equivalent or 30% of the total in 2021, i.e. three times as much as the housing sector
Even though economic growth in early 2023 was better than forecast for emerging countries, the slowdown scenario is seemingly coming to pass for the rest of the year. In 2024, the strength of the recovery will hinge on the geopolitical climate and on how far monetary policy is eased in the US and the euro zone. It will also hinge on the investment outlook for emerging countries. The UNCTAD’s annual report gives cause for optimism around the investment outlook, except for low-income economies.
The economic rebound that has followed the abandonment of the zero-Covid policy is quickly losing momentum. Domestic demand is held back by a significant fall in consumer and investor confidence, and export momentum is stalling. The authorities are cautiously easing monetary policy, but this may end up having limited effects on credit activity. Further stimulus measures are expected in the short term. They should, among other things, aim to encourage youth employment.
In India, economic growth is holding up thanks in particular to slowing inflation and early signs of an improvement in the labour market. Public finances, which consolidated slightly during the fiscal year 2022/2023, remain much more fragile than five years ago. The government is favouring growth over fiscal consolidation. Capital expenditure continues to increase, even though room for manoeuvre is shrinking due to the high and rising interest payments on government debt. The sharp rise in public investment has improved the quality of infrastructure, which should attract a little more foreign investment
Taiwanese economic activity has slowed sharply since spring 2022. The island is particularly vulnerable to weakening global demand and the downturn in the electronics cycle due to its dependence on semiconductor exports. At the same time, its position as a quasi-monopoly on the most sophisticated microprocessor market probably protects it against the threat of Chinese aggression, at least in the short term. From a strictly macroeconomic point of view, Taiwan has solid fundamentals – and in particular a very comfortable external financial position – that strengthen its ability to withstand external shocks.
Since the presidential and legislative elections in May, the Turkish lira has fallen sharply again and domestic interest rates have increased. Calm has returned in recent weeks with the monetary turnaround of the central bank (CBRT), now led by Hafize Gaye Erkan, and the return of Mehmet Simsek, who in the past has been the AKP government’s guarantor to foreign markets and investors, at the head of the Ministry of Treasury and Finance. But their task of rebalancing a real economy in a state of overheating and faced with stubbornly high inflation is a challenge. More than the recent slowdown in growth, the likely risk of worsening twin deficits must be closely monitored. However, the alarmist analyses that conclude that there is a risk of a balance-of-payments crisis are exaggerated.
Economic activity has weakened significantly in the last three quarters. In Q1 2023, GDP contraction was largely attributed to the drop in domestic demand. For 2023, the scenario of a weak recession seems to be emerging, due to a strong negative carry-over effect. Moreover, prospects for a recovery are weak in the short term, as inflation remains very high and the real estate market is showing signs of weakness. In 2022, budget and current account deficits increased due to the energy shock. However, debt ratios (public and external) worsened slightly. In 2023, external accounts are expected to improve thanks to the easing of commodity and energy prices.
Very dynamic to date, economic growth is now expected to weaken, and the authorities will face several challenges in 2023. Consolidation of public accounts is a priority in the short term, failing which, Romania could be subject to further disciplinary measures by the European Union. Inflation remains high although it has fallen since the end of 2022, which should encourage monetary authorities to favour a status quo. The current account deficit widened to nearly 10% of GDP in 2022, but should ease in the short term due to the drop in energy prices. Despite the size of current account and budget deficits, Romania continues to attract foreign capital flows.
A wind of optimism is currently blowing over Brazil. Brazilian assets recovered strongly in Q2 2023 on the back of reform progress and positive surprises from growth, inflation, the labour market and external accounts. The short-term outlook has also improved. New fiscal measures combined with a softening of energy prices and the prospects of monetary easing in H2 has helped mitigate the expected economic slowdown this year. However, flashing green lights conceal the underlying weaknesses of internal demand as well as differentiated performances across sectors. In the absence of higher revenues, the primary result targets defined by the new fiscal framework is expected to be difficult to achieve.
Chile seems to have made more progress with the energy transition than most Latin American countries. The combination of a favourable geography, significant resources, the aspirations of public opinion and political will has favoured implementation of a number of measures for almost 25 years. Since he came to power in 2022, Gabriel Boric has undertaken to exceed the goals set up to that point, on a country level, by achieving carbon neutrality before 2050, and on an international level, by developing lithium and green hydrogen production and export capacities.
For about a decade now, the exploitation of new natural gas reserves in the Eastern Mediterranean has had significant economic consequences for producing countries, and has been upgrading the region’s position on the international gas market. Egypt still dominates the sector, with significant reserves and export infrastructure, but Israeli production is increasingly impacting the region’s exports. 2022 was a very favourable year for the sector due to rising prices and European demand. Despite the current decline in prices on the European market, this trend should continue in the coming years
Egypt is heavily exposed to the consequences of global warming due to its Mediterranean geographical location, high population growth and the importance of the agricultural sector. Already deemed critical, water stress is likely to increase in the medium and long term. The deteriorating trend of various vulnerability and resilience indicators, currently at medium levels, is increasing climate risk in the long term. The financial resources of the Egyptian government are extremely constrained, given the deteriorating macroeconomic situation and the unfavourable outlook. Transformation of the energy mix may be partially funded by private capital. However, funding for climate change reduction and adaptation policies, by definition less profitable in the short term, remains problematic.
After years of financing through international markets and China, Kenya is facing a considerable increase in external debt servicing, which has led to strong pressure on external liquidity and on the shilling. Sustained economic growth in 2021-2022 was not enough to stabilise debt ratios. Renewed in late May 2023, support from multilateral creditors has helped to partially reconstitute official foreign exchange reserves and somewhat reassured investors. But the risk of social instability has increased significantly due to committed fiscal consolidation efforts and persistent high inflation.
