Since 2022, South Africa’s external accounts have deteriorated. After two years of exceptional surpluses in 2020 and 2021, the current account has returned into deficit again since Q2 2022, due to the normalisation of trade terms and strong growth in imports (32% of GDP in 2022-23). At the same time, the financial account has not regained its pre-pandemic momentum so far. Net portfolio investment flows, which were close to 3% of GDP on average over 2010-19, have become negative since 2020, while net foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have remained modest (1.5% of GDP on average over 2020-23).
The South African economy narrowly avoided recession at the end of 2023. The poor quality of the country’s infrastructure is significantly slowing down activity. In addition, the government lacks fiscal leeway and disinflation is slow and uneven, forcing the central bank to maintain its restrictive monetary policy. Faced with numerous macroeconomic challenges, the African National Congress (ANC) has initiated long-awaited reforms, but at a pace that is deemed insufficient. It is likely to pay the price at the general elections in May and lose its absolute majority in Parliament for the first time in its history. The choice of the party with which to form a coalition could disrupt the momentum of reforms and the trajectory of public debt.
In recent months, the African continent has been hit hard by inflationary pressures. In Eastern and Southern Africa, inflation peaked at 19.4% year-on-year in November 2022. It has since begun a slow and difficult deceleration: in July 2023, regional inflation fell to 15.5%, after peaking again at 20.6% in June. Nevertheless, this average masks major national disparities.
After years of underinvestment in its power grid, South Africa is experiencing daily load shedding, the intensity of which has only increased in recent months. Economic activity is severely impacted. The restoration of electricity production capacities will be slow, which will have a significant impact on growth and the trade balance in 2023. Supply-side constraints will keep inflation high, while the unemployment rate is a concern. Under these conditions, the ruling party, the ANC, will be pushed to revise its budgetary consolidation trajectory downwards. Furthermore, the partial transfer of the debt of electricity company Eskom to the government will contribute to a sharp increase in public debt.
On 22 February, the South African National Treasury set out its budget plan ahead of the new fiscal year, which will start on 1 April. After slightly revising its fiscal balance upwards since October 2022, the Treasury now expects a primary surplus starting from the current fiscal year. This performance should gradually improve over the next three years.
After an unprecedented contraction in activity in 2020, the strong rebound in 2021 did not allow South Africa to return to its pre-crisis level of GDP contrary to most emerging economies. In 2022, activity should remain subdued and growth below 2% in the medium term. The economic outlook remains largely constrained by the need for fiscal consolidation in order to contain the high risk of debt distress, the tense socio-political climate, and structurally by strong infrastructure constraints, first of which the electricity supply. The shock induced by the conflict in Ukraine is also exerting significant pressures that could make fiscal consolidation efforts difficult
At year-end 2021, the South African economy had not returned to pre-Covid levels of activity. The upturn in the price of its main export products provides the country with a welcome boost in the short term. This is illustrated by the latest budget forecasts, which are more optimistic than those published in late 2021. Yet structural vulnerabilities persist and are exacerbated by the health crisis. Although South Africa has few direct trade ties with Ukraine and Russia, it faces, like other emerging economies, soaring inflation that will strain domestic demand. The swelling public-sector wage bill and financial support for state-owned companies continue to be strong headwinds for reducing the fiscal deficit
After a record contraction in the economy in 2020, South Africa’s GDP grew by 4.9% in 2021. This was the highest growth rate since 2007. The strong recovery in the first half of 2021 was held back by rioting over the summer and the return of health protection measures in the face of the Omicron variant in the fourth quarter of 2021. The pace of recovery is likely to continue to slow, with GDP forecast to grow by 1.3% in 2022, according to our estimates. Economic activity will remain structurally constrained by weak potential growth. Inflation keeps accelerating. By the end of 2021, inflation had hit 6% year-on-year (3
South Africa has been severely hit by the Covid-19 crisis, after already several years of very low economic growth and social and political tensions. Real GDP collapsed by 7% in 2020 and public finances have deteriorated significantly. However, South Africa has also benefitted from a strong improvement in its external accounts. The boom in export receipts has supported the rebound in activity and fiscal revenue over the past year. This better-than-expected macroeconomic performance has reassured investors and facilitated the coverage of the government’s financing needs. However, in the medium term, challenges remain unchanged: large and difficult reforms remain necessary to elevate the country’s growth potential and improve public debt sustainability.
The Covid-19 crisis has hit an economy that had already been in recession since mid-2019. In Q2 2020 (which was the period when lockdown measures were the tightest), real GDP collapsed by 16% q/q seasonally-adjusted. Activity contracted sharply across all sectors in April before reviving slowly. The economic growth rebound from H2 2020 is expected to be difficult. Real GDP is projected to contract by 8.5% in 2020 and should increase by a mere 2.5% in 2021. Economic growth will remain constrained by South Africa’s very low potential growth, resulting notably from deep structural brakes such as weak human capital and deficient transport and energy infrastructure. The social context, with very high levels of poverty, income inequality and unemployment, is worsening further this year
The shock triggered by the Covid-19 epidemic has been violent and has hit an already very fragile economy. Over the past five years, economic growth has averaged only 0.8% and the country has slipped into recession since mid-2019. The economic contraction and the deterioration in public finances will be on an unprecedented scale in 2020. Real GDP may well not return to its pre-crisis level before 2025. The government has been adept in adjusting its financing strategy to cover its needs, which have increased steeply following the introduction of the fiscal stimulus plan. The support expected from multilateral lenders in the short term is reassuring, but trends in government debt will continue to be a concern over the medium term.
Economic growth has averaged only 1% per year since 2015, and weakened further in H1 2019. Exports have suffered from slower world demand growth while structural constraints have weighed heavily on investment, which has declined continuously since early 2018. Major power outages have disrupted activity in 2019: they result from the severe troubles of state-owned company Eskom, and illustrate well the country’s lack of infrastructure. Only steady progress in the structural reform process will allow investment to recover in the medium term. Meanwhile, real GDP growth is expected to remain low (projected at 0.4% in 2019 and 0.8% in 2020) and policymakers’ room for manoeuvre to boost domestic demand is very narrow
Economic growth is forecast at only 0.4% in 2019, after averaging 1% a year in 2015-2018. The Ramaphosa government has little manoeuvring room to implement reforms, and strong structural headwinds continue to hamper economic activity. Illustrating the country’s enormous lack of infrastructure, major power outages disrupted activity in the first months of the year. To address the severe financial troubles at Eskom, the state-owned company behind the power outages, the government had to unblock additional funds to come to its rescue. The latest rescue package will accelerate fiscal deficit slippage and further weaken sovereign solvency in the medium term.
South Africa is a middle-income emerging market. Its financial and legal framework is well developed compared with other countries in the region. Structural obstacles have increasingly constrained potential growth, including transport and energy infrastructure bottlenecks, poor human capital and skills shortages, labour market rigidity, corruption, low savings rates and weakening investor confidence. Electricity supply has been unstable since 2019 due to the deep financial difficulties of Eskom, the state-run power company. The COVID-19 crisis further aggravated the economic and social situation. In 2020, real GDP contracted by 7% and the unemployment rate surged to 33%. The rand is floating freely and acts as an effective absorber of external shocks. Currency volatility should therefore remain significant as South Africa is exposed to external trade and financial shocks due to its reliance on commodity exports (mining and metal products account for about 40% of exports) and short-term sources of foreign financing (especially foreign investments in local currency equity and bond securities).
