The expectation that the surge in inflation, driven by this new energy shock, would be more moderate than in 2022 (with demand being less dynamic and supply less constrained) is confirmed. However, following the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed in mid-June between the United States and Iran, inflationary risk has eased but has not disappeared. This MoU had seemed to reduce the risk of a severe escalation of the conflict, but since mid-July and the resumption of hostilities, it has entered a new phase of tensions, once again driving up hydrocarbon prices
The assessment of the July data is positive and reinforces the encouraging signals from May and June data. According to PMI business climate surveys, price pressures continued to ease, as did supply tensions through slightly shorter delivery times. The business climate in the manufacturing sector resumed improving, almost erasing the two months of previous decline. The business climate in the services sector and consumer confidence continues to recover. The July surveys are not impacted by the resurgence of tensions in the Middle East and by the ensuing rise in energy prices, partly because responses were, for the most part, collected beforehand. A relapse in August is highly likely if the geopolitical situation remains degraded
The memorandum of understanding, signed in mid-June between the US and Iran, improved US data before hostilities resumed in mid-July. Headline CPI posted its first monthly drop (-0.4% m/m) since 2020 in June, driven by gasoline prices (-9.7% m/m). It stood at 3.5% y/y, down sharply from May’s 4.2% but still 1.1pp above pre-conflict levels. Inflation excl. energy eased as well (-0.2pp to 2.7% y/y), edging back towards its February reading.
The acceleration in consumer price inflation since February 2026 is much less significant than in 2022, and it stopped in May and June 2026. The average CPI inflation rate for the fifteen main emerging economies was estimated at 4.6% y/y in June, against 4.8% in April. The inflationary shock is more moderate than in 2022 notably due to more limited spillovers to agricultural and food prices.
Oil and gas markets lack direction amid persistent instability in the Strait of Hormuz. While oil prices have thus far reacted similarly to the two energy shocks (2022 and 2026), the rise in gas prices remains lower than the increase seen following Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
In advanced economies, June inflation declined temporarily but bounced back in July, reflecting the moves in energy prices. Forward indicators of price pressures eased again in July. Long-term inflation expectations held steady as near-term expectations pulled back (UK excepted). At this stage, there is no sign of a wage-price spiral. In emerging economies, average CPI inflation fell back slightly in June after three months of increase. As for commodities, we see a broad-based rebound as tensions resurface.
Both the Eurozone and the US grew 0.4% q/q in Q2 2026. For Europe, that is a welcome upside surprise: growth landed in line with expectations (France, Germany) or above them (Eurozone overall, Spain, Italy), even as the Middle East conflict delivered an energy-driven inflation shock. It confirms that European growth rests on foundations solid enough to absorb this kind of shock. Country-level detail was incomplete on the day, but manufacturing business sentiment held firm across the board in H1, underwritten by a set of drivers (AI, defence, electrification, aerospace). US growth, by contrast, undershot expectations. But it remained robust, powered by AI investment and accelerating household consumption. Both, however, drew in imports fast enough to weaken the headline growth figure.
Since the Trump administration returned to power, the already considerable disparity in energy policy between the United States and Europe has significantly increased. Admittedly, both are seeking energy sovereignty. But, while European policies remain focused on the low-carbon transition, the current US administration is focused on enhancing US dominance in the fossil fuel sector and rolling back measures that support the energy transition. At first glance, the energy crisis is exacerbating this divergence. The US has consolidated its position as the world’s leading exporter of hydrocarbons, and its strategic oil reserves have served as a buffer against the crisis
Emerging economies have so far withstood the energy shock caused by the conflict in the Middle East better than expected. The surge in oil, gas and energy-related input prices was rapid, but less inflationary than in 2022. While monetary policy easing cycles have been interrupted in many countries, most central banks have been able to keep their policy rates unchanged since last February. Emerging financial markets have not faced a widespread loss of confidence, while macroeconomic buffers are stronger than in the summer of 2022, helping to absorb the rise in energy costs.
A few months after the onset of a new global energy crisis, one might wonder about its implications for the low-carbon transition in emerging countries. The answer is not straightforward, as geopolitical uncertainties and the low-carbon transition are progressing according to different timelines, at least in part. The energy shock triggered by the blockade of the Strait of Hormuz calls for immediate action to secure hydrocarbon supplies, such as using strategic reserves. Conversely, the transition to low-carbon energy is a long-term process. However, the current circumstances are unusual: the low-carbon transition was initiated several years ago, and the Hormuz crisis marks the second major energy crisis in four years.
The impact of the energy shock on the economic variables of emerging countries.
For the first time since 2009 (excluding COVID), the GDP of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is expected to contract this year (-0.8%), whereas pre-conflict forecasts had predicted growth of 4.7%. Far from benefiting from the sharp rise in energy prices triggered by the conflict, the scale of the downturn reflects the severity of a shock that is undermining many of the pillars of the Gulf economies. Nevertheless, the consequences are varying from one country to another, depending on the level of diversification and, above all, on the degree of vulnerability to disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz.
The latest economic news.
Against the backdrop of the war in the Middle East, how are the energy crisis and the rise of AI redefining the dynamics of growth, inflation and productivity? What tools do advanced and emerging economies have at their disposal to strengthen their resilience whilst capitalising on the new opportunities that are emerging? How can Europe adapt and capitalise on the changes currently underway?These were the questions addressed at the latest BNP Paribas Economic Studies conference: “The global economy in the face of shocks: between upheaval and resilience”.Alongside Isabelle Mateos y Lago, Chief Economist of the BNP Paribas Group, two panels of economists discussed the consequences of the energy crisis and the massive expansion of artificial intelligence
Following the pandemic and the war in Ukraine, the conflict in the Middle East confirms that the global economy has entered an era of repeated supply shocks. Faced with the risk of shortages and the resurgence of inflationary pressures, the resilience of advanced and emerging economies is being tested. Central banks are more vigilant. However, the crisis could also lead to certain structural transformations that the global economy – and Europe in particular – needs.
In advanced economies, inflation continues to rise due to the energy shock, but there are still no signs of a wage-price spiral. According to survey data, price pressure indicators edged higher with the exception of Japan. In emerging economies, inflation increased moderately due to the energy shock. As for commodity prices, they have been falling since the announcement of the agreement protocol between the United States and Iran.
The energy shock triggered by the war in Iran is reviving inflation, but to a lesser extent than in 2022. May data supports this view. However, the situation still needs to be monitored closely. The U.S.-Iran Memorandum of Understanding provides some relief, yet many uncertainties remain. A return to normal conditions on the oil markets will take time, and the current easing of oil prices must prove durable. Inflation—driven by the lagged effects of tensions on oil, commodities and value chains—is expected to stay elevated for several more months. This will justify a more restrictive stance from central banks.
The assessment of the available data for May is rather positive. Granted, inflation keeps rising, but the contribution of the "energy" component remains dominant. Confidence enjoys a respite: business confidence in services and consumer confidence are sources of good news.
Business sentiment, which was on an upward trajectory before the shock, stayed resilient but signaled a faster input-price growth and longer delivery times, both directly linked to Middle East turmoil and coming on top of the issue of tariffs. Meanwhile, the outlook of households, which were already low on optimism has further deteriorated.
In May 2026, the average CPI inflation rate for the main emerging economies was broadly stable at 4.7% y/y after 4.8% in April. The shock is still contained compared to 2022 due to limited spillover to agricultural and food prices. Manufacturers’ opinion on the trend in input & output prices has stopped deteriorating but remains higher than in 2022.
Until the agreement extending the ceasefire (second half of June), European oil and gas prices had reacted more strongly to the energy shock caused by the war in the Middle East than they had to the shock that followed Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. This is no longer the case now that the prospects for a resumption of traffic through the strait of Hormuz are becoming more tangible.
The global race for artificial intelligence and the electrification of economies is leading to an increase in demand for metals. A recent study by S&P Global indicates that global electricity consumption is projected to grow by nearly 50% by 2040, fuelling a sustained rise in demand for copper, lithium, nickel, and other critical minerals. According to the International Energy Agency, demand for copper could rise by 30 to 40% by 2040, while demand for lithium could increase four- to sixfold, depending on the pace of adoption of low-carbon technologies.
The memorandum of understanding reached between the United States and Iran certainly provides a degree of relief, but it remains shrouded in too much uncertainty to fundamentally change the situation—at least in the short term. The recent fall in oil prices is good news, but it needs to be maintained over the long term, while the reopening of the Strait of Hormuz faces numerous constraints. A return to normal will take time. This headwind to growth is diminishing, which reinforces our resilience scenario. Inflation is likely to remain elevated for some time yet due to the lagged effects of tensions on oil and other commodity prices
