Based in Paris, BNP Paribas' Economic Research Department is composed of economists and statisticians:
The Economic Research department’s mission is to cater to the economic research needs of the clients, business lines and functions of BNP Paribas. Our team of economists and statisticians covers a large number of advanced, developing and emerging countries, the real economy, financial markets and banking. As we foster the sharing of our research output with anyone who is interested in the economic situation or who needs insight into specific economic issues, this website presents our analysis, videos and podcasts.
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In 2022, economic growth slowed but was still buoyant. The outlook for 2023/2024 is favourable even though real GDP growth should slow by around 1 percentage point. In the short term, the main risks are linked to rising prices, which could force the Central Bank to tighten its monetary policy further. The occurrence of the El Niño phenomenon is also a potentially negative factor. Despite the slowdown in growth and the rise in interest rates (48% of loans are at a variable rate), banks and companies remain much stronger than at the end of 2019. In its latest stress tests, the Central Bank reaffirmed that, despite the deteriorating economic and financial environment, public banks would not need any capital injection to meet capital requirements.
Over the past twelve months, the economic situation in Pakistan has deteriorated dramatically. The government has been facing a balance-of-payments crisis and, as a result, has had to take extensive measures to try to contain the drop in its foreign exchange reserves and fulfil the IMF’s requirements in order to receive the funds needed to avoid defaulting on its external debt.Restrictions on imports, the sharp rise in policy rates, the depreciation of the rupee and the dramatic cut in budget spending have significantly hindered economic growth and triggered a very sharp rise in inflationary pressures. Since February 2023, the external position has improved very slightly. However, it is still very fragile and the default risk remains very high.
The Indian economy coped well with the external environment in 2022, but slowed down mainly because of inflationary pressures. Over the fiscal year which will end in March 2023, the budget deficit could exceed the initial target, but the overrun should be marginal and the debt-to-GDP ratio should continue to fall. The government’s refinancing risks remain contained. On the other hand, the tensions on external accounts are likely to remain relatively strong, mainly as a result of the fall in exports in an unfavourable international context. Nonetheless, the central bank should be able to contain the depreciation of the rupee. While foreign exchange reserves have fallen significantly, they are still sufficient to cover the country’s external financing needs.
Malaysia’s economy held up well in 2022. Economic growth may have exceeded 8% and public finances strengthened thanks to the sharp rise in oil revenues. Furthermore, although external accounts weakened due to capital outflows and increased imports, the current account balance remained in surplus and the ringgit depreciated moderately against the dollar over the year as a whole. The outlook for 2023 is less favourable. Economic growth is expected to decelerate given the monetary tightening and the global economic slowdown. Public finance risks are still contained even though debt remains above pre-crisis levels. The new government should present its 2023 budget in parliament at the end of February. Its budgetary strategy should be in line with that of the previous government
Although it remains dynamic, economic growth slowed in the first quarter of the current fiscal year. Monetary policy tightening, a very mixed monsoon season and disruption to global value chains are expected to weigh on activity during the next two quarters. The central bank has revised its economic growth forecasts downwards for the current fiscal year as a whole. At the same time, pressures on external accounts and the rupee are set to remain strong. Despite this rather unfavourable environment, enterprises and banks are holding up well.
During the first six months of 2022, the economy proved to be quite resilient to the consequences of the conflict in Ukraine and China’s zero-Covid policy. In particular, it benefited from the higher prices of exported commodities (mainly coal and palm oil). Its public finances and external accounts consolidated despite rising subsidies and net capital outflows. However, the situation could deteriorate in the fourth quarter and the medium-term outlook is less favourable. Although the fiscal deficit and government debt remain modest, refinancing risks will increase in 2023 in conjunction with the end of purchases by the central bank of government’s bonds, which have been in place since 2020. Moreover, pressures on the rupiah will intensify with the fall in commodity prices.
The IMF and the Government of Pakistan have reached an agreement to complete the combined 7th and 8th reviews of Pakistan’s Extended Fund Facility which has been interrupted since March. If the IMF Executive Board approves the deal in the coming weeks, Pakistan will receive the equivalent of almost USD 1.2 billion. An extension of the support programme from September 2022 to June 2023 could allow the country to receive an additional SDR 720 million (i.e. approximately USD 947 million). Although this agreement will partially and temporarily ease pressure on the country’s external accounts, the risk of a balance-of-payments crisis remains high. The high pressures on the Pakistani rupee have not eased
At the end of the 2021/2022 fiscal year, India’s real GDP exceeded its pre-crisis level, and economic activity indicators were positive in April and May 2022. Activity has been supported by a recovery in domestic demand and dynamic exports. Faced with rising inflation and downward pressure on the rupee (due to capital outflows and a widening trade deficit), the monetary authorities raised their policy rates in May and June – further increases are expected. Conversely, fiscal policy is more expansionary than anticipated. Multilateral institutions and India’s Central Bank have revised their growth forecasts downwards (between 6.9% and 7.5% for the 2022/2023 fiscal year vs. 8.7% in the previous year)
The Covid-19 pandemic weakened Indonesia’s economy. Two years after the crisis, real GDP has returned to 2019 levels, but the labour market is still weak, the poverty rate is higher than before the crisis and investment remains subdued. According to the World Bank, the pandemic’s lasting impact on education and the labour market will cost the country 0.1 points of its long-term growth potential. Today, Indonesia must deal with a new unfavourable economic environment as commodity prices have dramatically increased due to the conflict in Ukraine and sanctions against Russia. Although growth is bound to be squeezed by the Ukrainian conflict, Indonesia’s external accounts should remain healthy and inflationary pressures should remain moderate
The international economic and financial environment is not helpful for the Indian economy. Although India produces and exports wheat, it will suffer from surging commodity prices. Slowing growth is likely to hamper the government’s announced fiscal consolidation. The government will be forced to increase fertiliser subsidies sharply if it wants to contain the increase in domestic food prices, which make up almost 46% of consumer spending. India will not be able to avoid a significant deterioration in its current account deficit driven by higher oil prices and downward pressure on the rupee, especially if recent portfolio investment outflows continue. The results of the recent regional elections should ensure a degree of political stability at least until the 2024 general election.
After a modest growth in 2021, Malaysia’s economy is set to recover more strongly in 2022. It will be supported by firm domestic demand, an expansionary fiscal policy and the reopening of Malaysia’s borders to tourists. The country is an exporter of commodities – mainly oil and palm oil – and should benefit from higher international prices, without being directly affected by the conflict in Ukraine. Thanks to the additional revenue from higher oil prices, the government should be able to take on most of the burden of higher inflation to prevent problems for households whose finances have already been weakened by the 2020 crisis. Another key uncertainty regarding economic growth is how long and how severe Chinese lockdowns will be, since they could drag down Malaysian exports.
At first glance, Indonesia consolidated its external accounts in 2021. Foreign exchange reserves amounted to USD 131 bn, the equivalent of 8.3 months of imports of goods and services, while the external debt came to only 35% of GDP, which is less than the pre-Covid level. Moreover, the current account showed a slight surplus (0.3% of GDP) for the first time since 2011. The strong performance of the current account reflects the steep increase in the trade surplus, which swelled to 4.1% of GDP, from an average of 1.3% over the past five years. Although imports increased by nearly 6 points of GDP compared to 2020, Indonesia reported a sharp rise in exports, driven up by higher commodity prices for coal, iron ore and palm oil
Economic growth is still vulnerable to another epidemic wave as less than 50% of the population was fully vaccinated at the end of December 2021. Activity has already been losing momentum since December, and it could be curbed even further by the new epidemic wave that swept the country in January at a time when labour market conditions are still deteriorated. Inflation is another risk factor looming over the recovery. Not only does it reduce household purchasing power, but it could also convince the monetary authorities to raise policy rates
After showing rather strong resilience to the pandemic and the collapse of international oil prices in 2020, the Russian economy rebounded strongly in 2021. Yet two major risks are currently threatening growth: inflation and a tightening of international sanctions. These sanctions could even add to the inflationary risk. Nonetheless, the government has the financial capacity to support the economy, with solid public finances and low refinancing risks. Moreover, even if international sanctions were tightened to the point that foreign investors were denied access to Russia’s secondary debt market, the government would still be able to finance itself on the domestic market.
India’s economic and financial situation has consolidated slightly since the summer. After contracting sharply in Q2 following the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic, economic activity rebounded strongly in Q3. Even so, at end-September, only 20% of the population was fully vaccinated, which means the country is not sheltered from a third wave of the pandemic. Growth prospects are still looking good for the rest of the year. Household consumption will benefit from falling inflation and higher government spending. Business leaders are still confident, even though they are taking a cautious approach to investment plans. Borrowing rates are low, and the banking sector, though still fragile, is doing better than it was three years ago
Although the political situation has stabilised somewhat following the appointment of a new prime minister, the economic environment has deteriorated. The spread of the Covid-19 pandemic in April forced the government to reintroduce lockdown measures that led to an economic contraction in Q2 2021. The situation is unlikely to improve before Q4, once health restrictions are lifted thanks to an accelerated vaccination campaign. In an attempt to boost growth, the government launched a series of economic support plans, even though fiscal revenue fell short of the full-year target in the first seven months of the year. Consequently, according to the Ministry of Finances, the fiscal deficit is expected to swell to between 6
India’s public finances remain fragile, though strengthening over the first four months of the current fiscal year (to 31 March 2022). The central government’s fiscal deficit hit a high of 9.2% of GDP at the end of the 2020-21 fiscal year from an average of 3.8% of GDP over the previous five years. Over the same period, public debt has steeply risen, and is estimated to have reached a high of 88% of GDP in March 2021. The rapid deterioration of the public finances is the result of increased public spending in response to the Covid-19 crisis, but is also due to an extremely low fiscal base (total government’s receipts only reached 8.6% of GDP even before the pandemic). Under such circumstances, one might have feared a deterioration of the India’s sovereign rating
The Covid-19 crisis did not spare India, and like many of the emerging economies, the country’s economic and social situation has deteriorated sharply. Yet India’s situation had already begun to deteriorate well before the onset of the pandemic, which only accentuated the country’s weaknesses. The very sharp contraction in GDP triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic highlights the economy’s structural vulnerabilities, especially the large number of workers without social protection. With the nationwide lockdown in April and May 2020, 75 million Indians fell below the poverty line, and there is reason to fear that the second wave could have a similar impact
The second wave of the pandemic seems to have passed after new cases peaked in May. Economic activity is unlikely to contract as much as it did last year, and the decline should be limited to the second quarter. Yet the second wave is estimated to have cost more than 2 percentage points of GDP, and it comes at a time when households are still struggling to recover from the impact of the first wave. In 2020, 75 million people dropped below the poverty line. Moreover, the rebound expected this year might not suffice to stabilise the public debt ratio, which could lead the rating agencies to downgrade India’s sovereign rating. In this very uncertain environment, the rupee is not benefitting from the strength of India’s external accounts.
After a modest contraction in 2020, the Russian economy has registered a solid growth rebound since March 2021 driven by the strength of domestic demand and exports. The third wave of the epidemic seen since June, alongside strong inflationary pressure and the resulting tightening of monetary policy, could, however, hold back the recovery. This said, the threats to the economy remain under control. Public finances have been boosted by a sharp rise in global oil prices and the debt refinancing risk is limited despite the latest US sanctions. Lastly, foreign exchange reserves cover the totality of external debt.
The economic recovery could be weakened by a second wave of Covid-19 and a fresh surge in inflation. With the government seeking to step up the pace of reforms to support growth over the medium term and improve the business environment, the number of protests against the moves is mounting, with protestors’ ire directed particularly at the privatisations that the government is counting on to cut its budget deficit. In the banking sector, banks currently are able to deal with the expected rise in credit risk. Nevertheless, in order to support a resumption of lending growth, a new injection of capital into state-owned banks has already been planned, alongside the creation of a defeasance structure.
Having contracted by 2.1% in 2020, the Indonesian economy is likely to see only a modest recovery in 2021. Domestic demand is struggling to recover. Consumer sentiment remains weak and any resurgence in the pandemic could undermine the recovery, at a time when a very low percentage of the population has been vaccinated. Moreover, despite the highly expansionary monetary policy, bank lending has continued on its downward trend. The financial position of Indonesian companies prior to the Covid-19 crisis was more fragile than those of ASEAN peers, and they are likely to seek to consolidate their positions rather than invest in an uncertain future. The banking sector remains solid and well-placed to deal with an expected increase in credit risk.
In Q4 2020, the third quarter of the 2020/21 fiscal year to 31 March 2021, India officially came out of recession. Real GDP was 0.4% higher than in Q4 2019. The recovery has been driven by an increase in government investment and a rebuilding of business inventories. In contrast, consumer spending – the biggest component of GDP – fell, whilst inflationary pressures have eased since November. Activity in the services sector was still down by 1%, while the agricultural and construction sectors recorded an acceleration, as did manufacturing, albeit to a lesser extent. Economic indicators for January remain on the right track
The economy has rebounded strongly since July, driven by the recovery in industry, which then spread to the services sector starting in October. Although the recovery still seems to be fragile, the central bank has raised its growth forecast for fiscal year 2020/2021 to -7.5%. Fiscal year 2021/2022 is expected to see a major automatic rebound in growth. Lacking the means to support growth through a fiscal stimulus package, the government has set out to create a more propitious environment for investment that would enable medium-term growth to return to a pace of about 7%. The latest reforms are working in this direction. Yet passing reform measures does not guarantee that they will be implemented, much less that they will be successful.
