Emerging countries are now facing another major shock whereas the post-pandemic recovery has remained fragile. The war in Ukraine will impact emerging countries through its negative effects on foreign trade, capital flows and, above all, inflation. The indirect effect of soaring global commodity prices on inflation households’ purchasing power may be particularly severe, and affect mostly low-income countries in Africa, Central Europe and the Balkan region. In spite of these gloomier prospects, we do not expect a broad-based worsening in sovereign and external solvency in emerging countries in the short term. However, a few governments, especially in Africa and the Middle East, may rapidly experience payment difficulties.
After a strong start in 2022, China’s economic growth slowed in March. Headwinds are expected to persist in the very short term. Firstly, the rapid surge in the number of Covid-19 cases has led many regions to impose severe mobility restrictions. Secondly, the property market correction continues. Thirdly, producers and exporters will be affected by the impact of the war in Ukraine on commodity prices and world trade. Therefore, China’s official economic growth target, which has been set at 5.5% for 2022, seems highly ambitious. The Chinese authorities are accelerating the pace of fiscal and monetary easing.
The international economic and financial environment is not helpful for the Indian economy. Although India produces and exports wheat, it will suffer from surging commodity prices. Slowing growth is likely to hamper the government’s announced fiscal consolidation. The government will be forced to increase fertiliser subsidies sharply if it wants to contain the increase in domestic food prices, which make up almost 46% of consumer spending. India will not be able to avoid a significant deterioration in its current account deficit driven by higher oil prices and downward pressure on the rupee, especially if recent portfolio investment outflows continue. The results of the recent regional elections should ensure a degree of political stability at least until the 2024 general election
The economic growth recovery has been unbalanced since the health shock in early 2020 and has rapidly lost steam. It was then interrupted in the first quarter of 2022, due to a very sharp rise in the number of Covid-19 infections and deaths linked to the Omicron variant. The epidemic wave is starting to recede, but Hong Kong will now have to face the effects of a slowing global trade, rising commodity prices and the tightening of US monetary policy. Despite these unfavourable conditions, sovereign solvency remains very robust and the government keeps a strong capacity to continue an expansionary fiscal policy.
After a modest growth in 2021, Malaysia’s economy is set to recover more strongly in 2022. It will be supported by firm domestic demand, an expansionary fiscal policy and the reopening of Malaysia’s borders to tourists. The country is an exporter of commodities – mainly oil and palm oil – and should benefit from higher international prices, without being directly affected by the conflict in Ukraine. Thanks to the additional revenue from higher oil prices, the government should be able to take on most of the burden of higher inflation to prevent problems for households whose finances have already been weakened by the 2020 crisis. Another key uncertainty regarding economic growth is how long and how severe Chinese lockdowns will be, since they could drag down Malaysian exports.
Brazil ended 2021 on a stronger footing than expected, but the economic picture remains fragile. Activity tends to progress in spurts, curbed by internal brakes (Omicron wave, climatic vagaries, elections) and a more degraded external environment (war in Ukraine, trading partners’ economic slowdown, etc.). Meanwhile, inflationary pressures are building up and raise the specter of continued monetary tightening. Since the start of the year, the improvement in Brazil’s terms of trade and wide interest rate differentials with developed economies have fueled the rebound of the equity market and spurred a strong appreciation of the real. Such developments highlight a form of dissonance between the real economy and assessments of financial markets.
The direct consequences of the war in Ukraine on the Mexican economy should remain limited, because trade links are almost non-existent. However, indirect consequences could have a significant impact on an economy that has already been weakened by the Covid-19 crisis. Higher commodity prices will increase inflation pressure and worsen the current account deficit in Mexico, which has been a net importer of energy since 2015. In addition, supply chain disruption arising from the conflict and new coronavirus variants could drag down exports. The investment outlook is continuing to deteriorate as discussions about reforming the energy sector continue.
Poland is well equipped to deal with the economic consequences of the conflict in Ukraine. Its economy had fully absorbed the shock from Covid-19 by the end of 2021. Output was 5% higher than in late 2019, the recovery was well balanced and the unemployment rate had returned to a frictional level. In addition, Poland’s budget deficit fell sharply in 2021 and its public debt/GDP ratio remained well below the Maastricht limit due to a substantial gap between growth and interest rates. The current-account balance is in deficit again, but still comfortably covered by non-debt generating capital flows. The only cloud on the horizon is the acceleration in inflation which has prompted the central bank to tighten monetary policy more aggressively since autumn 2021
Romania’s economy slowed sharply in H2 2021, with rising inflation causing wages to decline in real terms for the first time since 2010. Growth also remained imbalanced and both public- and private-sector debt increased between 2019 and 2021. Monetary tightening started too late in 2021 and has remained very limited since the start of 2022. The external shock caused by the conflict in Ukraine will only make the slowdown worse. Any improvement in the budget deficit will be delayed by the cost of dealing with refugees. It will be the task of monetary policy to ensure financial stability in the current exceptional circumstances.
The impact on Serbia’s economy caused by the war in Ukraine is likely to remain moderate. However, the war will adversely affect all macroeconomic indicators. Growth forecasts have been downgraded because of sharply higher inflation, trade exposure to Russia and a weaker European economy. Serbia’s central bank has carried out only moderate monetary tightening so far, expecting that the jump in inflation will be short-lived. External accounts are likely to deteriorate because of the wider current account deficit and a possible slowdown in foreign direct investment flows, but the central bank should still be able to defend the dinar stability. This is crucial for Serbia’s macroeconomic stability given that commercial bank balance sheets and government debt are highly exposed to the euro
At year-end 2021, the South African economy had not returned to pre-Covid levels of activity. The upturn in the price of its main export products provides the country with a welcome boost in the short term. This is illustrated by the latest budget forecasts, which are more optimistic than those published in late 2021. Yet structural vulnerabilities persist and are exacerbated by the health crisis. Although South Africa has few direct trade ties with Ukraine and Russia, it faces, like other emerging economies, soaring inflation that will strain domestic demand. The swelling public-sector wage bill and financial support for state-owned companies continue to be strong headwinds for reducing the fiscal deficit
Egypt’s economic prospects have worsened with the outbreak of war in Ukraine and its consequences for commodity prices. The widespread increase in prices will result in a significant drop in consumer purchasing power and will thus stall the main engine of economic activity. The erosion of foreign currency liquidity has accelerated over the last month, with massive outflows of capital and an expected widening of the current account deficit due to the difficulty in reducing imports, a drop in tourist frequentation and the limited effect on exports of the Egyptian pound’s depreciation. This highlights the continued vulnerability of the economy to external shocks and its reliance on external support
Morocco’s heavy dependency on oil and wheat imports mean that it will suffer consequences from the conflict in Ukraine. However, it will be able to absorb the trade shock thanks to comfortable FX reserves. Moreover, the rise in energy and food subsidies does not compromise the expansionary fiscal policy, and the central bank plans to maintain its accommodative stance despite strong but still under control inflationary pressure. Government support remains crucial at a time when the economy is facing a significant drop in agricultural output, and therefore real GDP growth. In the short term, state solvency and external liquidity are not at risk. However, there is a high level of uncertainty about how large the shock will be and how long it will last.
