The Algerian economy has enjoyed almost unprecedented favourable conditions for a decade. 2022 saw twin surpluses return thanks to soaring global hydrocarbon prices and a lower than expected fiscal support. Despite the fragile international environment, the outlook for 2023 is positive and macroeconomic risks are limited. Nevertheless, the persistently high inflation poses a risk that must be monitored. Above all, soaring public spending planned in the budget could contribute to further medium-term macroeconomic imbalances, without providing a major boost to economic activity, however.
After years of underinvestment in its power grid, South Africa is experiencing daily load shedding, the intensity of which has only increased in recent months. Economic activity is severely impacted. The restoration of electricity production capacities will be slow, which will have a significant impact on growth and the trade balance in 2023. Supply-side constraints will keep inflation high, while the unemployment rate is a concern. Under these conditions, the ruling party, the ANC, will be pushed to revise its budgetary consolidation trajectory downwards. Furthermore, the partial transfer of the debt of electricity company Eskom to the government will contribute to a sharp increase in public debt.
Over the past few months, the equity markets of the main emerging financial centres have shown a little more optimism. They are betting on a recovery in growth in China after the lifting of health restrictions, on the positive effect of the drop in commodity prices for importing countries and on the impact of US monetary tightening and the appreciation of the dollar to be less severe than expected. The first two arguments are uncertain and must be put into perspective. The financial shock is probably behind us. But its negative impact on investment will continue this year. Likewise, the acceleration of inflation in 2022 could have diffuse effects on household consumption, even if wages were to catch up.
The sudden and ill-prepared abandonment of the zero-Covid policy at the start of December 2022 has plunged China into further turbulence. The large epidemic wave has hindered production in the manufacturing sector and again delayed the recovery in private consumption and activity in the services sector. However, assuming that the pandemic starts to ease off in February 2023, domestic demand should finally rebound, helped by additional monetary and fiscal support measures. On the other hand, exports are likely to remain affected by the weakness in global demand. While the current account surplus should narrow in 2023, how capital flows will develop is more uncertain.
The Indian economy coped well with the external environment in 2022, but slowed down mainly because of inflationary pressures. Over the fiscal year which will end in March 2023, the budget deficit could exceed the initial target, but the overrun should be marginal and the debt-to-GDP ratio should continue to fall. The government’s refinancing risks remain contained. On the other hand, the tensions on external accounts are likely to remain relatively strong, mainly as a result of the fall in exports in an unfavourable international context. Nonetheless, the central bank should be able to contain the depreciation of the rupee. While foreign exchange reserves have fallen significantly, they are still sufficient to cover the country’s external financing needs.
Malaysia’s economy held up well in 2022. Economic growth may have exceeded 8% and public finances strengthened thanks to the sharp rise in oil revenues. Furthermore, although external accounts weakened due to capital outflows and increased imports, the current account balance remained in surplus and the ringgit depreciated moderately against the dollar over the year as a whole. The outlook for 2023 is less favourable. Economic growth is expected to decelerate given the monetary tightening and the global economic slowdown. Public finance risks are still contained even though debt remains above pre-crisis levels. The new government should present its 2023 budget in parliament at the end of February. Its budgetary strategy should be in line with that of the previous government
The government of the Philippines maintained health restrictions linked to the pandemic for longer than the average period in emerging countries, with some regions still under lockdown until April 2022. The rebound in activity is not yet finished, and the strength of consumer spending, still supported by remittances, should help to offset the effects of higher inflation and the slowdown in global growth. Economic growth is expected to slow in 2023, but should remain solid. However, the after-effects from the crisis and health measures are weighing on the medium-term outlook.
Vietnam benefited from a solid recovery in its economic growth in 2022, supported by the dynamism of both the export sector and domestic demand. However, the country has also become increasingly vulnerable to the deterioration of the international environment. Exports fell in Q4 2022 and these difficulties are expected to persist in the short term. Inflation accelerated in 2022, the dong depreciated under the effect of US monetary tightening and capital outflows, and the Central Bank began to increase its policy rates. In addition, there was a confidence shock caused by reports of fraud in the local bond market. Against this backdrop, liquidity tensions emerged in the financial sector
Türkiye has enjoyed a period of financial calm since mid-2022 with exchange rate stability relative to the first half of the year, lower risk premiums and bond yields. Growth stagnated in Q3 2022, but monthly inflation slowed and the economic indicators available for Q4 2022 continued to be positive. For 2023, a slowdown is inevitable given the weaker levels of activity expected from the country’s main trading partners. But domestic demand could mitigate the external shock and the fall in oil prices should help to reduce the current account deficit. However, it is still too early to draw any conclusions about the success of economic policy combining fiscal support, monetary easing, and measures to channel the growth of credit and to encourage liraization.
Economic activity weakened in the third quarter. The outlook remains gloomy in the short term. Last September, the central bank ended its monetary tightening cycle in the face of downside risks to growth. This policy is currently not very consistent with the trajectory of inflation. Meanwhile, fiscal policy was tightened in the second half of the year due to the marked deterioration in budget deficit. The EU’s freezing of funds in 2022, depriving the Hungarian authorities of a source of income, has probably weighed on their decision. While this recalibration limits support for growth, it strengthens the credibility of Hungary’s fiscal policy.
GDP growth was resilient in the first three quarters of 2022 but is expected to slow down significantly in 2023. Inflation will be a key feature to monitor as price stability is one of the economic convergence criteria for Bulgaria’s future entry into the Eurozone in 2024. Another point of concern is that the political scene continues to be subject to uncertainty given the many changes in the government over the past 20 months. Investment has suffered as a result of this situation. However, the commitment of the authorities towards reforms does not appear to have been affected.
Israeli economic performance was particularly strong in 2022 and remained above OECD average. Growth was very buoyant thanks to the dynamism of consumption and investment, while the fiscal year should end with a surplus. Although relatively moderate, inflation accelerated during 2022 and forced the Central Bank to tighten significantly its monetary policy. Against this backdrop, which is not favourable to consumption and investment, activity should slow this year. The continued depreciation of the shekel was an additional inflationary factor. The fall in the exchange rate against the USD reflects the general strengthening of the dollar, but also Israeli investors' management of their assets in dollars. External accounts remain solid, thanks to strong competitiveness in some key sectors
Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva started his third term as President of Brazil amidst a tense socio-political climate and more benign economic environment. Despite the many obstacles lying ahead of him, Lula bolsters ambitious social and environmental objectives. Their realisation will rely, amongst other, on an increase in public spending and a more interventionist credit policy. In the absence of a credible redefinition of the fiscal framework, market participants and the Central Bank fear that the use of these policies will come at the expense of greater macroeconomic imbalances.
Chile is unlikely to escape a recession in 2023. The slowdown in global demand will weigh on exports, while domestic demand continues to be eroded by high inflation and interest rates due to restrictive monetary policy. The investment outlook remains closely linked to the political climate in the country, and in particular to the implementation of the two principal reforms announced by the government: the new constitutional process (which is expected to continue throughout 2023), and the implementation of pensions reform.
The Moroccan economy will continue to experience significant external and budgetary imbalances despite the drop in global commodity prices. However, the country's macroeconomic stability is not under threat. Forex reserves are comfortable and the structure of public debt is favourable. Moreover, the economy should benefit from a rebound in agricultural production after a historic fall in 2022. However, the authorities still have a complex task to accomplish in an international climate that remains very unstable. Indeed, they must maintain a prudent economic policy, but they also might need to shore up economic activity once again. A pronounced growth slowdown in GDP excluding agriculture is expected.
Excluding China, activity in emerging countries was stagnant in Q2 2022 and business and household confidence surveys indicate that the economic slowdown will continue. Inflation continues to rise and is being accompanied by new decisions of monetary tightening, including by central banks in Asia. The deterioration in external demand and tighter domestic financial conditions have combined with the monetary tightening in the United States and USD appreciation to trigger the slowdown in activity. This is a double whammy for emerging countries. But developing countries, which are also facing the food crisis and a situation of over-indebtedness, are in a more worrisome situation.
The recovery in activity since the end of the lockdowns imposed in Shanghai in the spring has been very gradual. It picked up in August, notably supported by public investment and tax measures, but it is likely to lose steam again in September. As exports begin to suffer from weaker global demand, the continuation of the zero-Covid strategy and the serious crisis in the property sector continue to weigh heavily on confidence, private consumption and investment. An easing of the health policy and more wide-ranging actions to support the property market seem to be the only measures capable of lifting the Chinese economy out of its current gloom. The 20th Congress of the Communist Party, which will open in Beijing on October 16th, will thus take place in a fragile economic environment.
Although it remains dynamic, economic growth slowed in the first quarter of the current fiscal year. Monetary policy tightening, a very mixed monsoon season and disruption to global value chains are expected to weigh on activity during the next two quarters. The central bank has revised its economic growth forecasts downwards for the current fiscal year as a whole. At the same time, pressures on external accounts and the rupee are set to remain strong. Despite this rather unfavourable environment, enterprises and banks are holding up well.
During the first six months of 2022, the economy proved to be quite resilient to the consequences of the conflict in Ukraine and China’s zero-Covid policy. In particular, it benefited from the higher prices of exported commodities (mainly coal and palm oil). Its public finances and external accounts consolidated despite rising subsidies and net capital outflows. However, the situation could deteriorate in the fourth quarter and the medium-term outlook is less favourable. Although the fiscal deficit and government debt remain modest, refinancing risks will increase in 2023 in conjunction with the end of purchases by the central bank of government’s bonds, which have been in place since 2020. Moreover, pressures on the rupiah will intensify with the fall in commodity prices.
The recovery is continuing in Thailand. The rebound in private consumption and the gradual return of tourists should help, at least in the short term, to compensate for the slowdown in exports. However, the risks to growth remain on the downside, due to rising inflation, monetary tightening, the weakness in global demand and the absence of Chinese tourists. In the run-up to the elections in May 2023 political tensions could increase again. However, medium-term strategic investments, including the Eastern Economic Corridor programme, should not be jeopardised.
The economic slowdown is likely to continue in the coming quarters. Poland is facing several challenges. Firstly, the country is highly dependent on coal imports, and the price of this commodity has soared since the end of 2021. The Central Bank has moved towards a less restrictive monetary policy despite high inflationary pressures. Finally, the moratorium on mortgage repayments in 2022 and 2023 will have a negative impact on banks’ balance sheets in the short term. However, the Polish economy does have numerous strengths and should show resilience.
All growth drivers weakened in the second quarter of 2022. With a high exposure to Russia for its oil and gas supplies, Slovakia could be amongst the most affected Central European countries by the consequences of the war in Ukraine. The steep rise in energy costs, as well as supply disruptions, will have an adverse impact on industrial activity, which has not yet returned to its pre-Covid level. Moreover, inflation has increased rapidly but is still more moderate compared to other countries in the region. Finally, public and external accounts will deteriorate in the short term, but this situation remains manageable.
Accelerating growth, slowing inflation, falling unemployment and the interruption of monetary tightening differentiate Brazil from most of the world’s major economies. These developments, which are largely attributable to fiscal stimuli (higher social transfers, reduction in taxes and fuel prices), are complicating the task of monetary authorities by partially diluting the restrictive effects of their policy. In the second half of the year, the maintenance of fiscal stimulus should again help limit the slowdown in activity. Brazil’s solid economic performance has allowed financial assets to hold up well despite the general elections and a deteriorating global environment.
The economic dynamism seen in the first half of 2022 is waning. The rebound in private consumption is being held back by rising inflationary pressures, while exports are weakening due to slowing growth in the United States and global demand. Structural weaknesses in the economy (low investment, lack of infrastructure) are also limiting the growth recovery. Moreover, a deterioration in public finances is increasingly likely in the medium term. The very limited rise in fiscal income will not be enough to compensate for the necessary increase in government spending that is expected in the coming years. In addition, sovereign wealth funds have been used over the past two years and the government no longer has any reserves.
Egyptian external accounts have been under pressure since the beginning of the year and the outlook is uncertain. Although the current account was able to withstand external shocks thanks to the rise in gas revenues, only the massive support of the Gulf countries enabled Egypt to cope with portfolio investment outflows and to avoid a foreign exchange crisis. The dynamic remains negative in the short term, given the drop in net foreign currency assets in the banking system and persistent exchange rate pressures, despite depreciation of more than 20% since the beginning of the year
EcoEmerging is the monthly review of the economies of emerging countries. Written by economists from the Country Risk Team of BNP Paribas Economic Research, this publication offers an overview of the economy of a selection of countries through the analysis of the main available economic indicators.
Each economist bases their analysis on the quarterly data (real GDP, inflation, fiscal balance, public debt, foreign exchange reserves, etc.) and focuses on the economic situation of one or more emerging countries in order to keep up with developments in the past quarter. The key themes that they look at include industrial production, quarterly gross domestic product (GDP) and inflation expectations with changes in consumer prices (CPI) and producer prices (PPI), employment and unemployment figures, the real estate market and stakeholder opinions (e.g. household confidence and the business climate). The author comments on the main factors that influence and determine the economic activity of the country concerned and on the economic outlook.
It provides an outline of an emerging economy using indicators for the past quarter and it looks ahead in order to better understand and anticipate the main economic problems of the country in question.
