The normalisation of the Bank of England’s (BoE) monetary policy, which began in December 2021, helped increase the cost of mortgages to households: it rose from an average of 1.5% in November 2021 to 4.4% in March 2023.
Evidence of falling housing prices remains patchy. After a sustained rise throughout 2021, residential housing prices in the main European countries continued to resist the tightening of credit conditions in the fourth quarter 2022, with the notable exception of Sweden and Germany. A generalisation of real estate price declines in 2023 is a significant possibility.
The interest rate on new home loans for eurozone households rose by an unprecedented 177 basis points (bps) year-on-year in January 2023. It stood at 3.1% this past January compared with 1.3% in September 2021, its lowest level ever.
Economic indicators for the first two months of 2023 show a rebound in activity following the abandon of China’s zero Covid policy in early December and the end of disruptions caused by a spike in contaminations in December-January.
In 2021, 28% of housing loans made by French banks to individuals were guaranteed by mortgage. This tangible security consists of assigning the real estate asset financed as collateral to the lender, in order to offset the consequences of default by the borrower where these are not covered by any borrower’s insurance against death, incapacity or invalidity.
Our households’ property purchasing capacity indicator tracks the development in the maximum purchasable area of a representative household in France. Before rebasing (Q1 2000=100), it compares borrowing capacity expressed as an amount (calculated according to the average household income, fixed interest rates and the average duration of loans) to the price of old housing per square meter. In the provinces, Households’ property purchasing capacity was significantly higher than its 1990–2021 average (+21%) in the second quarter of 2022; however, in Paris, where the long-term average takes into account the 1990 property bubble which had undermined households’ property purchasing capacity, it was almost equal to its 1990–2021 average (+2%)
In just seven months, the share of floating rates in the total of new loans for house purchase to Italian households has more than tripled, from 15.8% in February 2022 to 60.9% in September 2022. This latest figure has not been seen since February 2015 and, at that time, the share of floating rates was in a period of sharp decline, falling from 81.1% in February 2014 to 37.7% in August 2015. The recent revival in interest in floating-rate loans for house purchase among Italian households is evidently a result of the average increase of 136 basis points (bps) in fixed-rate loans between January 2022 (1.48%) and September 2022 (2.84%). The increase recorded by floating-rate loans for house purchase since the beginning of 2022 has been more modest (55 bps)
The recovery in activity since the end of the lockdowns imposed in Shanghai in the spring has been very gradual. It picked up in August, notably supported by public investment and tax measures, but it is likely to lose steam again in September. As exports begin to suffer from weaker global demand, the continuation of the zero-Covid strategy and the serious crisis in the property sector continue to weigh heavily on confidence, private consumption and investment. An easing of the health policy and more wide-ranging actions to support the property market seem to be the only measures capable of lifting the Chinese economy out of its current gloom.
Finland, like other Nordic countries, has so far shown itself to be particularly resilient to the current financial shocks, but the clouds are gathering over the “Land of the Midnight Sun”. After five consecutive quarters of growth, buoyed by robust domestic demand, activity is expected to slow significantly in the second half of 2022 due to the persistent geopolitical tensions, tightening of financial conditions and price rises that are impacting on corporate margins and on the purchasing power of households. In an increasingly less favourable economic environment Finland can, nonetheless, be pleased with its structural efforts and in particular with the success of its housing policy
In many developed countries, housing prices have risen very sharply since the Covid-19 crisis. In the United States they jumped 37% between the 4th quarter of 2019 and the 2nd quarter of 2022. In Germany and the United Kingdom, the increases have also been significant and were 23.8% and 18.6% respectively over the same period. The increases in Italy (+7.4%) and Spain (+10.8%) were more restrained, while France (+14.1%) and Japan (+15%) were somewhere in between. Can such price increases be justified in terms of fundamentals or are they more indicative of a real estate bubble? In order to quantify this, the Dallas Fed publishes a housing prices exuberance index each quarter
The Spanish housing market is building momentum again after its deep correction between 2008 and 2013, which erased part of the excesses created over the early 2000s. In 2021, transaction volumes hit their highest level for twelve years. House prices have been growing at an average of 5% per year over the past six years. Housing activity is now benefiting from multiple sources of support: the post-Covid economic recovery, higher levels of household savings, growth in employment, low borrowing rates. Rising housing prices are driven by limits on housing supply, which are likely to persist, given rising construction costs as a result of higher materials expenses
In Spain, the change in house prices and the transaction volume are highly correlated. In an upswing, the latter will be supported by attractive borrowing conditions and confidence in the economic outlook, thereby causing a rise in house prices, which in turn can fuel expectations of further increases and hence raise the transaction volume. Real estate activity in Spain rebounded sharply in 2021 following a drop in 2020 due to the health crisis. The number of housing transactions exceeded 674,000 last year, the highest level since 2007. Even so, this was nearly 30% below the 2006 peak. Demand is still buoyed by historically low borrowing costs and a rising number of Spanish households. As a result, house prices rose significantly in 2021 (at annual rate of 3
Our monthly Pulse highlights the cyclical deterioration of the Chinese economy in August-October 2021 compared to the previous 3-month period. While the situation in the industrial sector improved in October after a sharp slowdown in September, the correction in the real estate sector has continued. Industrial production growth picked up slightly in October (+3.5% y/y in real terms, compared to 3.1% in September and 5.3% in August). In fact, the measures introduced by the authorities rapidly eased energy constraints last month.
