The Covid-19 crisis did not spare India, and like many of the emerging economies, the country’s economic and social situation has deteriorated sharply. Yet India’s situation had already begun to deteriorate well before the onset of the pandemic, which only accentuated the country’s weaknesses. The very sharp contraction in GDP triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic highlights the economy’s structural vulnerabilities, especially the large number of workers without social protection. With the nationwide lockdown in April and May 2020, 75 million Indians fell below the poverty line, and there is reason to fear that the second wave could have a similar impact
Economic growth reached 7.9% year-on-year (y/y) in Q2 2021 vs. 18.3% in Q1 2021. This apparent slowdown is the result of growth rates gradually returning to normal in all sectors and all demand components; it was largely expected as base effects have become less favourable since last spring. This trend explains the contraction of the blue area compared to the dotted area in our Monthly Economic Pulse.
Economic growth rebounded very rapidly following the Covid-19 shock, but this rebound has also been characterised by mixed performances between sectors and between demand components. Growth of industrial production and exports accelerated vigorously until early 2021 and is now gradually returning to normal. Meanwhile, the services sector and private consumption were slower to rebound, and their recovery still proved to be fragile in Q2 2021. Consequently, the authorities are likely to be increasingly cautious about tightening economic policy. Even so, they should still give priority to slowing down domestic credit growth and adjusting the fiscal deficits.
The second wave of the pandemic seems to have passed after new cases peaked in May. Economic activity is unlikely to contract as much as it did last year, and the decline should be limited to the second quarter. Yet the second wave is estimated to have cost more than 2 percentage points of GDP, and it comes at a time when households are still struggling to recover from the impact of the first wave. In 2020, 75 million people dropped below the poverty line. Moreover, the rebound expected this year might not suffice to stabilise the public debt ratio, which could lead the rating agencies to downgrade India’s sovereign rating. In this very uncertain environment, the rupee is not benefitting from the strength of India’s external accounts.
The health crisis is barely improving in the Philippines. After a particularly severe second wave, the number of new Covid-19 cases seems to have levelled off, albeit at a high level. Yet the full vaccination rate is very low, which means that the tight health restrictions which must be kept in place are weighing on domestic demand and the tourism sector. After contracting by more than 9% in 2020, GDP should rebound moderately in 2021. Even so, the country still has high growth potential thanks to the reforms undertaken over the past decade, which are paying off.
The Covid-19 pandemic did not hit the Japanese economy as hard as the other advanced countries. In 2020, GDP growth did not contract as much as in other places. Yet a slow vaccination roll out and the lack of confidence of various economic agents are straining the momentum of Japan’s recovery. After a strong performance in late 2020, the Japanese economy is lagging somewhat compared to the United States and Europe. Consumer confidence – a key ingredient for a robust economic recovery – is still low compared to pre-crisis levels. This atmosphere is dragging down private consumption and the dynamics of the tradeable services sector as well. The services industry is having a hard time swinging back into growth
An accelerated vaccination campaign reduces uncertainty for economic agents – households and companies – and offers a brighter economic outlook. The Bank of Japan’s Tankan index rose in Q2 2021 in both the manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors.
After a very strong post-Covid rebound, industrial production growth rates continue to normalize (+8.8% year-on-year in May). Export growth has also turned lower but is still very strong (+27.6% y/y in value terms). Meanwhile, recovery in the services sector and private consumption continues but remains much more fragile.
Foreign investors have significantly increased their purchases of Chinese local bonds since Q2 2020, targeting sovereign papers particularly. In fact, foreigners are currently holding only 3% of the total stock of Chinese local bonds, but 10% of the total stock of central government papers. Foreign investors’ holdings of local bonds increased by RMB 120 bn per month in average from April 2020 to February 2021, against +RMB41 bn in the previous twelve months. This dynamic suddenly stopped last March. It should resume in the short term, yet without returning to the 2020 levels. Several factors account for these recent foreign investment flows: the increase in local yields and the widening spreads with US Treasury yields (yields on Chinese ten-year sovereign bonds rose from 2
According to the latest PMI numbers and economic data, growth in the Chinese economy has remained solid in the early part of Q2 2021, boosted in particular by exports. Activity in the domestic market lost a bit of steam in April, but is expected to bounce back again in the short term.
Real GDP growth reached 18.3% year-on-year in Q1 2021 and 0.6% in quarter-on-quarter seasonally-adjusted terms (according to China’s NBS). The latest activity indicators as well as our economic Pulse are strongly biased by major base effects between the first months of 2020 (when lockdown measures brought business to a standstill) and the first months of 2021.
Japanese exports rose by 16.1% year-on-year in March 2021, after declining by 4.5% the previous month. This has been the biggest increase since November 2017. Although this strong performance partially reflects a positive base effect – Japanese exports were hard hit by the pandemic in spring 2020 – it was nonetheless much higher than the consensus expectations, which anticipated a 11.6% growth. Broken down by destination, Japanese sales abroad increased in the large majority of countries worldwide, especially in China, its leading trading partner, where Japanese exports were very buoyant last month (+37.2% year-on-year in March). Globally, the strong performance of Japanese exports takes place in a context of international trade improvement and of a strong rebound of the Chinese economy
At the end of the annual “Two Sessions”, China’s major political event, Beijing announced its economic targets for 2021 as well as the priorities of its new five-year plan. By setting this year’s real GDP growth target at simply “more than 6%”, which is lower than forecasts, the authorities are signalling that the economic recovery following the Covid-19 crisis is no longer the main focus of concern. In the short term, they will continue to cautiously tighten monetary policy and gradually scale back fiscal support measures. Above all, the authorities have affirmed their medium-term development strategy, which aims to boost innovation and drastically expand China’s technological independence.
The economic recovery could be weakened by a second wave of Covid-19 and a fresh surge in inflation. With the government seeking to step up the pace of reforms to support growth over the medium term and improve the business environment, the number of protests against the moves is mounting, with protestors’ ire directed particularly at the privatisations that the government is counting on to cut its budget deficit. In the banking sector, banks currently are able to deal with the expected rise in credit risk. Nevertheless, in order to support a resumption of lending growth, a new injection of capital into state-owned banks has already been planned, alongside the creation of a defeasance structure.
Having contracted by 2.1% in 2020, the Indonesian economy is likely to see only a modest recovery in 2021. Domestic demand is struggling to recover. Consumer sentiment remains weak and any resurgence in the pandemic could undermine the recovery, at a time when a very low percentage of the population has been vaccinated. Moreover, despite the highly expansionary monetary policy, bank lending has continued on its downward trend. The financial position of Indonesian companies prior to the Covid-19 crisis was more fragile than those of ASEAN peers, and they are likely to seek to consolidate their positions rather than invest in an uncertain future. The banking sector remains solid and well-placed to deal with an expected increase in credit risk.
After a severe recession in 2020, economic growth will rebound moderately in 2021-2022. The main growth engines – private consumption and the tourism industry – were weakened by the abrupt shutdown of economic activity as of Q2 2020, and the dynamics of the recovery will continue to depend on the evolution of the health situation. As in 2020, the authorities will take advantage of the comfortable manoeuvring room built up prior to the crisis to provide economic support. In the medium to long term, political tensions, exacerbated by the economic crisis, will continue to strain Thailand’s long-term growth potential.
As in other countries the world round, Japan reported a record-breaking recession in 2020 and the lack of consumer confidence, stifling domestic demand, could slow the dynamics of its economic recovery. Japan’s vaccination campaign has been relatively slow, notably compared to the United States, but the country was not hit as hard by the pandemic as other countries. Faced with expectations of sluggish demand, Japanese companies will continue to be reticent about making investment decisions. This outlook could undermine Japan’s already weakened growth potential. Tighter financing conditions would be especially harmful, and the Bank of Japan will remain vigilant in the current environment of rising interest rates.
The slow rollout of the vaccination programme in Japan can be explained by the fact that the country suffered less than others during the pandemic, and thus adopted lighter restrictions than elsewhere. The slow progress in vaccination has not prevented an improvement in business leaders’ confidence...
According to the latest indicators, China’s economic recovery remained strong over the first two months of 2021, although there was a slight slowdown in the domestic demand growth momentum...
In Q4 2020, the third quarter of the 2020/21 fiscal year to 31 March 2021, India officially came out of recession. Real GDP was 0.4% higher than in Q4 2019. The recovery has been driven by an increase in government investment and a rebuilding of business inventories. In contrast, consumer spending – the biggest component of GDP – fell, whilst inflationary pressures have eased since November. Activity in the services sector was still down by 1%, while the agricultural and construction sectors recorded an acceleration, as did manufacturing, albeit to a lesser extent. Economic indicators for January remain on the right track
Economic growth reached 2.3% in 2020. Activity has rebounded rapidly since March and the recovery has gradually spread from industry to services. Infrastructure and real estate projects continue to drive investment, but it is also beginning to strengthen in the manufacturing sector, encouraged by solid export performance. Private consumption is still lagging, but yet has picked up vigorously since the summer. Whereas fiscal policy should continue to be growth-supportive in the short term, the monetary authorities are expected to adjust their priorities. Credit conditions should be tightened slowly, especially via the introduction of new prudential rules. Corporate defaults are likely to increase alongside efforts to clean up the financial sector
The economy has rebounded strongly since July, driven by the recovery in industry, which then spread to the services sector starting in October. Although the recovery still seems to be fragile, the central bank has raised its growth forecast for fiscal year 2020/2021 to -7.5%. Fiscal year 2021/2022 is expected to see a major automatic rebound in growth. Lacking the means to support growth through a fiscal stimulus package, the government has set out to create a more propitious environment for investment that would enable medium-term growth to return to a pace of about 7%. The latest reforms are working in this direction. Yet passing reform measures does not guarantee that they will be implemented, much less that they will be successful.
Malaysia is one of the emerging Asian countries hit hardest by the Covid-19 crisis. Although a recovery is underway, it is bound to be hampered by new lockdowns in Q4 2020 and January 2021. Public finances have deteriorated sharply, but the government does not seem inclined to pursue fiscal consolidation. It is giving priority to the economic recovery and support for the most fragile households. The public debt ratio will continue to deteriorate, and in December, the rating agency Fitch downgraded Malaysia’s sovereign rating. Yet refinancing risks are moderate: the debt structure is not very risky and the country has a large domestic bond market. Malaysia will continue to report a current account surplus and has a solid banking sector.
