Artificial intelligence (AI) is a major technological upheaval with far-reaching economic implications. This economic literature review is both a practical exercise (it was written using generative artificial intelligence tools) and an analytical exercise, as it provides an update on the effects of this technology based on two complementary areas: productivity and growth, as well as employment and labour market dynamics.This literature review was written with the help of generative artificial intelligence tools, including OpenAI’s model on Azure and an internal BNP Paribas language model. The bibliographic references used for the review were independently selected and a detailed plan was drawn up to structure the content
Since the beginning of the year, China’s economic growth has proved to be more robust than expected. Exports have withstood US tariff attacks and household consumption has recovered thanks to government stimulus programs. However, large clouds are casting a shadow over the picture and are likely to slow growth in the second half of the year. On the one hand, trade tensions with the United States remain high and the tech war continues, even though Beijing and Washington have agreed to extend their truce until November. On the other hand, internal structural problems remain (real estate crisis, labour market fragility, low confidence in the private sector, deflation). Despite this gloomy backdrop, economic policy easing remains cautious
The August Employment Situation featured weak payroll growth and a rise in the unemployment rate. The release confirmed the downside risks surrounding the US labour market. The FOMC is expected to lower the Fed Funds Target Range (-25 bps) for the first time in 2025 at its 16-17 September meeting.
The number of corporate bankruptcies continued to rise in the first quarter of 2025. However, the momentum slowed, and the increase was uneven. Record highs were broken in the United Kingdom, where a slight decline was nevertheless observed. In contrast, the increase remains much more limited in Italy and Germany, where it continues. In France, the figures are high, but the increase has slowed. In terms of business sectors, services, trade, and construction are the most affected, but to varying degrees depending on the country. In contrast, industry appears to be relatively unscathed. An analysis of bank balance sheets, particularly in France, puts the impact of bankruptcies into perspective
Outside the US, GDP growth in the first quarter generally exceeded expectations in the European Union, the UK, and emerging economies, including China. After the surge in imports that preceded the US tariff hike, the backlash in the second quarter will be more limited than expected in most cases. However, it would be premature to sound the all-clear, as three dangers loom: tariffs, inflation, and public debt.
Key figures for the French economy compared with those of the main European countries, analysis of data on the population and the French labour market, activity by sector, publication administration figures, inflation, credit and interest rates, corporate and household accounts.
The first half of 2025 was marked by two major turning points: the outbreak of a global trade war by the United States and, on the European side, announcements regarding rearmament efforts and the German investment plan, supporting the Old Continent's economic revival. The second half of the year will be marked by the aftermath of these announcements and is likely to be as hectic as the first, given the continuing uncertainty surrounding the outcome of the tariffs. The uncertainty surrounding the extent of their inflationary impact in the US and the duration of the Fed's monetary policy status quo is also significant. The risk of a derailment caused by fiscal policy remains
President Donald Trump has promised to bring manufacturing jobs back to the USA and make America again “the manufacturing superpower of the world that it once was”. This, of course, is the foremost objective of his radical tariff policy (alongside raising revenue and pressuring trading partners to deliver non-trade-related concessions). In his analysis, the US persistent trade deficit is evidence that the rest of the world is “ripping off” the US, through unfair trade barriers and overly weak exchange rates. As a result, the argument goes, the US industrial base is being hollowed out, undermining the living standards of Americans.
The message delivered by Beijing at the annual meeting of the National People's Congress at the beginning of March was clear: whatever the difficulties linked to trade and technological rivalries with the United States, the Chinese economy must achieve growth of close to 5% in 2025. The target has remained unchanged since 2023. It seems particularly ambitious this year, given that external demand, the driving force behind Chinese growth in 2024, is set to weaken significantly due to the rise in protectionist measures against China. The authorities are counting on domestic demand to pick up the slack, but this is still coming up against powerful obstacles
According to our forecast, French growth reached 0.1% q/q in Q4 2024, boosted by some favourable sector-based factors (aviation and electricity production). However, overall economic momentum continues to slow, including corporate investment perspectives, impacting the labour market.
The labour market in the UK continues to deteriorate. According to tax data (PAYE) published on 21 January by the ONS, the number of employees in the UK fell by 46,922 (-0.2% m/m) in December, the largest one-month decline since November 2021, which followed a drop of -0.1% in November. The year-on-year change drops drastically and falls below zero (-8,407) for the first time since April 2021.
The latest Employment Situation report prior to the next FOMC meeting (28-29 January) points to the surprising strength of the US labour market, illustrated by job creation at its highest level since March 2024. Publication concluded a week marked by a significant rise in bond yields against a backdrop of expectations of rates "higher for longer", leading to sharp movements on the financial markets.
The Fed ended the year with a reduction in its target rate (-25 bp), which now stands at +4.25% to +4.5%. Meanwhile, median expectations by committee members of the number of cuts fell from four to two for 2025. The response from the financial markets was abrupt.
In France, in Q3 2024, for the first time (statistical series dating back to 1949), non-financial companies invested more (in billions of euros, at constant prices) in "information and communication" than in construction. This shift was bound to happen sooner or later, given the trend towards intangible investment (in which "information and communication" is the main item). In particular, this growing weighting goes hand in hand with the increasingly widespread use of electronics and software in today's goods, including in traditional sectors such as the automotive industry.
The sun was shining last week in Washington, DC during the Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), but the imminent US elections cast a shadow over the meetings of the Finance Ministers, Central Bank Governors, and private sector economists and finance professionals from all around the world who gathered in town. The better-than-expected state of the global economy was obscured, and all other conversations relegated to second or third billing, including the IMF’s usual warnings about various dangers (excessive debt, insufficient growth, protectionism), the outlook for Europe (improving), for China (as well), for other EM (generally good) and digital finance (further gaining status).
In a previous article, we discussed the major challenge for the European Union (EU): to accelerate its ecological transition while dealing with the consequences of the ageing of its population. It so happens that the stakes have just been clarified in the Draghi report on the future of European competitiveness. In order to preserve their social model or not stall in the face of Chinese and American competition, the EU 27 countries should increase their productive investment by at least EUR 800 billion per year, which entails an unprecedented effort (equivalent to 4.7 GDP points, i.e., at least two Marshall Plans)
We expect September 17-18 FOMC Meeting to result in a 25bps decrease in the Federal Funds Target Rate to 5.0% - 5.25% - barring a huge surprise. This move will launch the beginning of an easing cycle for monetary policy. The combination of improved data and outlook for inflation and the ‘unmistakable’ softening of the labour market leads to a shift in the Fed’s priorities, paving the way for rate cuts. A few thoughts beyond the direction change:
While the date of the Fed's first rate cut is now foreseeable (it will be at the FOMC on 17-18 September), everything else remains uncertain: the size of the cut, as well as the overall extent of the easing cycle and the timing of the cuts. Developments on the US labour market are key in this calibration. In terms of inflation, significant progress has been made regarding the return to price stability on both sides of the Atlantic, but the battle is far from won. This calls for caution in the monetary easing that is beginning
The S&P Global Composite PMI Output Index resumed rising in August, gaining 0.3 points to 52.8, after two months of decline. This is an encouraging sign for global activity halfway through Q3 2024. However, this improvement masks a fairly clear divergence between the services sector and the manufacturing one. In August, the global services index hit its highest level (53.8) since June 2023 (with the exception of May 2024), while the manufacturing sector index recorded its lowest level since December 2023 (49.5).
2024 is shaping up to be a record year for tourism. Between January and May, the number of tourist arrivals in Spain reached 33.2 million, far outstripping the level recorded during the same period in 2023 (by 13.6%). Tourist spending (+21%), which significantly boosted services exports in Q1 (+10.8% q/q), is likely to have continued to do so in Q2. Nevertheless, despite its undeniable effects on Spanish growth, mass tourism is becoming a source of tension in the country due to its impact on access to housing and resources. This has led Barcelona City Council to introduce a plan to stop renewing tourist apartment licences, which will lead to their phasing out by 2029.
The Moroccan economy has held up well against the consecutive shocks of recent years. The GDP losses resulting from the Covid crisis were quickly recovered and the 2023 inflationary shock has passed. With inflation dipping below 1% since the beginning of the year, compared to its peak of 10% at the start of 2023, it is no longer a source of major concern. In June, the Bank of Morocco decided to ease its monetary policy. The solid external accounts and the ongoing consolidation of public finances have also reassured the monetary authorities in their decision-making.
Poland’s economy has generally shown resilience during periods of turbulence since the financial crisis of 2008-2009. For instance, in 2009, the country was able to avoid a recession in contrast to neighbouring countries. Since 2020, successive shocks have constrained GDP growth momentum, but strong fiscal buffers enabled the authorities to implement generous supportive measures. The country remains amongst the best performing economies in the region in the early months of 2024, with its GDP above 11% in Q12024 compared to its pre-COVID levels. Overall, the country reinforced its position in Europe, judging from the increase of Poland’s economic weight in the EU (measured by GDP in purchasing power parity) and gains in market share
The second quarter of 2024 ended with a fall in the S&P Global PMI for global activity. The index stood at 52.9 (compared with 53.7 in May), ending seven months of consecutive increases. This decline was driven by both the manufacturing and services sectors, with the global PMI at 50.9 (compared with 51.0 in May) and 53.1 (compared with 54.0 in May) respectively. This fall in the index is not necessarily a sign of a slowdown in global activity, but forthcoming surveys will be all the more important to see whether this is a new trend or just a temporary disruption
Since a 1977 act, the dual mandate of the Federal Reserve (Fed) has de jure entrusted it with the objectives of maximum employment and price stability (the latter being expected to favour the former in the long term). However, these objectives can come into conflict and, as has been the case since March 2022, the Fed may have to give clear priority to reducing inflation at the risk of damaging employment and output. This refers to the concept of sacrifice ratio or trade-off, i.e. the expected cumulative deterioration of the latter to help bring inflation back to its target (2%).
