Between 2013 and 2018, India experienced robust productivity growth (increasing by a factor of 1.3, comparable to Vietnam, slightly lower than China, and higher than Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand). However, from 2019 onwards, productivity in India has stagnated, while it has continued to rise in other countries (with the exception of the Philippines). This trend is particularly concerning given that GDP per capita remains low (in PPP, it was 2.4 times lower than that of China in 2024) and unemployment is high, especially among young people (15.6% in 2024 according to official data). Without a rapid increase in productivity, India could remain a ‘middle-income’ country.
Growth in emerging economies remained solid in 2025, driven by exports and supportive financial conditions. Global trade was stimulated by export front loading ahead of US tariff increases, as well as by the reconfiguration of trade flows and the boom in the tech sector. In 2026, growth in emerging economies is expected to remain resilient but become more moderate. Supportive factors are likely to fade and global trade is expected to slow down. Fiscal and monetary policies will continue to support domestic demand but will be more constrained than in 2025. Monetary easing will be more measured, and fiscal room for manoeuvre will be reduced by the need to curb the increase in public debt ratios.
The Eurozone labour market remains dynamic. The unemployment rate, at 6.3% in September, remains close to historic lows, while net job creation, although slowing in 2025, continued in Q3 (+0.1% q/q). According to Eurostat, the Eurozone has created almost seven million additional jobs since the end of 2019.
The Fed eased its monetary policy, with two expected announcements: the end of the central bank's balance sheet reduction process from 1st December; and a second straight cut (-25 bp) in the Fed Funds target, without unanimity, bringing it to +3.75% - +4.0%, due to downside risks in the labour market. We anticipate a further 25bp cut in December, driven by the Fed's bias towards employment and downward revisions to our inflation forecasts for the coming quarters. However, this easing cannot be taken for granted, as J. Powell insisted on keeping options open ahead of the upcoming meeting.
Low in fat, high in fibre, with a large proportion of fruit and vegetables: in terms of health, the virtues of the Mediterranean diet are well-established, but what about in economic terms? For the past decade, the countries of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) forming the Mediterranean ‘arc’ (France, Italy, Spain, Greece) have been following a similar diet, aiming to improve their competitiveness. We take a look at this in our Chart of the week.
The IFO business climate index fell in September to 87.7 from 88.9 in August (-1.2 points month-on-month, a monthly change close to the historical average monthly change of 1.1 points in absolute terms). This deterioration, after eight consecutive months of growth (84.8 in December 2024), particularly affected services. The situation in industry remained stable and more favourable than at the end of 2024, with a gain of around ten points for both current activity and the outlook.
As widely anticipated, the 16-17 September FOMC meeting ended with the Fed reducing its target rate by 25bp, while reasserting its independence. While the marked slowdown in payroll growth prompted the Fed to cut the policy rate for the first time in 2025, it reiterated that future decisions would remain data-dependent. In our view, the downside risks to the labour market cast little doubt about the continuation of monetary easing. We anticipate two further 25bp cuts in October and December, bringing the target range to +3.5% – +3.75%, which is in line with market expectations. However, easing is likely to remain limited in terms of both timing and scope, given the actual and expected rebound in inflation.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a major technological upheaval with far-reaching economic implications. This economic literature review is both a practical exercise (it was written using generative artificial intelligence tools) and an analytical exercise, as it provides an update on the effects of this technology based on two complementary areas: productivity and growth, as well as employment and labour market dynamics.This literature review was written with the help of generative artificial intelligence tools, including OpenAI’s model on Azure and an internal BNP Paribas language model. The bibliographic references used for the review were independently selected and a detailed plan was drawn up to structure the content
Since the beginning of the year, China’s economic growth has proved to be more robust than expected. Exports have withstood US tariff attacks and household consumption has recovered thanks to government stimulus programs. However, large clouds are casting a shadow over the picture and are likely to slow growth in the second half of the year. On the one hand, trade tensions with the United States remain high and the tech war continues, even though Beijing and Washington have agreed to extend their truce until November. On the other hand, internal structural problems remain (real estate crisis, labour market fragility, low confidence in the private sector, deflation). Despite this gloomy backdrop, economic policy easing remains cautious
The August Employment Situation featured weak payroll growth and a rise in the unemployment rate. The release confirmed the downside risks surrounding the US labour market. The FOMC is expected to lower the Fed Funds Target Range (-25 bps) for the first time in 2025 at its 16-17 September meeting.
The number of corporate bankruptcies continued to rise in the first quarter of 2025. However, the momentum slowed, and the increase was uneven. Record highs were broken in the United Kingdom, where a slight decline was nevertheless observed. In contrast, the increase remains much more limited in Italy and Germany, where it continues. In France, the figures are high, but the increase has slowed. In terms of business sectors, services, trade, and construction are the most affected, but to varying degrees depending on the country. In contrast, industry appears to be relatively unscathed. An analysis of bank balance sheets, particularly in France, puts the impact of bankruptcies into perspective
Outside the US, GDP growth in the first quarter generally exceeded expectations in the European Union, the UK, and emerging economies, including China. After the surge in imports that preceded the US tariff hike, the backlash in the second quarter will be more limited than expected in most cases. However, it would be premature to sound the all-clear, as three dangers loom: tariffs, inflation, and public debt.
Key figures for the French economy compared with those of the main European countries, analysis of data on the population and the French labour market, activity by sector, publication administration figures, inflation, credit and interest rates, corporate and household accounts.
The first half of 2025 was marked by two major turning points: the outbreak of a global trade war by the United States and, on the European side, announcements regarding rearmament efforts and the German investment plan, supporting the Old Continent's economic revival. The second half of the year will be marked by the aftermath of these announcements and is likely to be as hectic as the first, given the continuing uncertainty surrounding the outcome of the tariffs. The uncertainty surrounding the extent of their inflationary impact in the US and the duration of the Fed's monetary policy status quo is also significant. The risk of a derailment caused by fiscal policy remains
President Donald Trump has promised to bring manufacturing jobs back to the USA and make America again “the manufacturing superpower of the world that it once was”. This, of course, is the foremost objective of his radical tariff policy (alongside raising revenue and pressuring trading partners to deliver non-trade-related concessions). In his analysis, the US persistent trade deficit is evidence that the rest of the world is “ripping off” the US, through unfair trade barriers and overly weak exchange rates. As a result, the argument goes, the US industrial base is being hollowed out, undermining the living standards of Americans.
The message delivered by Beijing at the annual meeting of the National People's Congress at the beginning of March was clear: whatever the difficulties linked to trade and technological rivalries with the United States, the Chinese economy must achieve growth of close to 5% in 2025. The target has remained unchanged since 2023. It seems particularly ambitious this year, given that external demand, the driving force behind Chinese growth in 2024, is set to weaken significantly due to the rise in protectionist measures against China. The authorities are counting on domestic demand to pick up the slack, but this is still coming up against powerful obstacles
According to our forecast, French growth reached 0.1% q/q in Q4 2024, boosted by some favourable sector-based factors (aviation and electricity production). However, overall economic momentum continues to slow, including corporate investment perspectives, impacting the labour market.
The labour market in the UK continues to deteriorate. According to tax data (PAYE) published on 21 January by the ONS, the number of employees in the UK fell by 46,922 (-0.2% m/m) in December, the largest one-month decline since November 2021, which followed a drop of -0.1% in November. The year-on-year change drops drastically and falls below zero (-8,407) for the first time since April 2021.
The latest Employment Situation report prior to the next FOMC meeting (28-29 January) points to the surprising strength of the US labour market, illustrated by job creation at its highest level since March 2024. Publication concluded a week marked by a significant rise in bond yields against a backdrop of expectations of rates "higher for longer", leading to sharp movements on the financial markets.
The Fed ended the year with a reduction in its target rate (-25 bp), which now stands at +4.25% to +4.5%. Meanwhile, median expectations by committee members of the number of cuts fell from four to two for 2025. The response from the financial markets was abrupt.
In France, in Q3 2024, for the first time (statistical series dating back to 1949), non-financial companies invested more (in billions of euros, at constant prices) in "information and communication" than in construction. This shift was bound to happen sooner or later, given the trend towards intangible investment (in which "information and communication" is the main item). In particular, this growing weighting goes hand in hand with the increasingly widespread use of electronics and software in today's goods, including in traditional sectors such as the automotive industry.
The sun was shining last week in Washington, DC during the Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), but the imminent US elections cast a shadow over the meetings of the Finance Ministers, Central Bank Governors, and private sector economists and finance professionals from all around the world who gathered in town. The better-than-expected state of the global economy was obscured, and all other conversations relegated to second or third billing, including the IMF’s usual warnings about various dangers (excessive debt, insufficient growth, protectionism), the outlook for Europe (improving), for China (as well), for other EM (generally good) and digital finance (further gaining status).
In a previous article, we discussed the major challenge for the European Union (EU): to accelerate its ecological transition while dealing with the consequences of the ageing of its population. It so happens that the stakes have just been clarified in the Draghi report on the future of European competitiveness. In order to preserve their social model or not stall in the face of Chinese and American competition, the EU 27 countries should increase their productive investment by at least EUR 800 billion per year, which entails an unprecedented effort (equivalent to 4.7 GDP points, i.e., at least two Marshall Plans)
We expect September 17-18 FOMC Meeting to result in a 25bps decrease in the Federal Funds Target Rate to 5.0% - 5.25% - barring a huge surprise. This move will launch the beginning of an easing cycle for monetary policy. The combination of improved data and outlook for inflation and the ‘unmistakable’ softening of the labour market leads to a shift in the Fed’s priorities, paving the way for rate cuts. A few thoughts beyond the direction change:
