The Tankan survey reported an improvement in large Japonese manufacturing companies' sentiment (14) in Q3, including in the motor vehicles sector (10). The overall figure (all enterprises and all industries) remained stable (10). The Services PMI remained stable at a high level (53) in September, while the Manufacturing PMI (48.4) fell to a five-month low due to the first contraction in hiring (49.4) since November 2024 and a decline in output (47.3, -2.5 pp).
In the Chinese manufacturing sector, the official PMI has remained in contraction territory since April, but it improved to 49.8 in September. The PMI published by RatingDog (formerly Caixin) also improved (to 51.2 from 50.5 in August and 49.5 in July). This slight recovery is notably due to the “new export orders” sub-component, which reached 47.8 in the official index – a level that, while still in contraction territory, is at its highest since March. The export sector continues to withstand the rise in US tariffs.
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Since the beginning of the year, the resumption of the trade war between the United States and China has led the latter to redirect its exports in record time. On average over April to July, while Chinese exports to the US contracted by 23% year-on-year (yoy) in value terms, those to Africa increased by 34%, far more than those to ASEAN countries (17%) and Europe (7%).
After the major upheaval of ‘Liberation Day’, the dust has settled somewhat. The level and scope of the new US tariffs are now largely known, and advanced economies are continuing to show resilience. Despite significant fluctuations in trade in the first half of the year, global trade has been braodly unaffected so far. The combination of headwinds (US tariffs, uncertainty) and tailwinds (low oil prices, Fed rate cuts, European measures) explains the gradual nature of the slowdown (in the US) and the recovery (in the Eurozone). The Eurozone is doing relatively well: with growth expected to strengthen and inflation under control, it is escaping the stagflationary scenario seen in the US, the UK and Japan.
US tariffs rose sharply in two stages: first in April, then following the signing of multiple trade agreements this summer. The impact of the first stage of this tariff increase is well known: trade flows to the United States were severely disrupted. However, global trade remains dynamic, particularly in Asia (a structural phenomenon) and Europe (which should benefit from internal momentum with the rebound of the German economy). The restructuring of trade flows (already underway with the rise of China) could accelerate as different countries seek elsewhere the opportunities lost in the United States.
Growth in the United States has slowed significantly compared with 2024 and is expected to remain moderate in the coming months, while maintaining some dynamism. Inflation is gradually rising again, mainly due to higher tariffs, while the labour market is already showing clear signs of weakening. These developments are resulting in a rebalancing of risks around the Federal Reserve's (Fed) dual mandate: downside risks to employment are increasing relative to upside risks to inflation. In our view, this should prompt the Fed to make two further cuts to its policy rate between now and the end of 2025, following the September cut. At the same time, fiscal policy is unlikely to stem the rise in the public debt ratio.
Growth in the Eurozone has so far proved fairly resilient to shocks (accompanied in particular by an acceleration in new lending against a backdrop of falling interest rates) and should gradually accelerate. Exports will continue to be weakened by Chinese competition and US protectionism. However, the foreseeable rebound in German growth will benefit economic activity in the Eurozone as a whole. Moreover, the buoyant labour market is supporting household purchasing power, without generating inflationary pressures, giving the ECB visibility and room for manoeuvre if necessary.
The resumption of German growth has been hampered by US tariffs. However, the outlook continues to brighten thanks to the government's strategy, which is structured around a vast programme of public investment and incentives for business investment. Beyond the anticipated economic rebound, the structural recovery of growth will depend on the country's ability to control its value chains and reposition itself in global trade amid increased competition. Inflation is expected to continue to decline. Despite unfavourable developments in industry, unemployment remains contained, and labour market tensions could quickly resurface. Public debt is expected to grow as a result of the widening budget deficit and rising interest rates (the effects of which will be felt by other Eurozone members).
France recorded a rebound in growth to 0.3% q/q in Q2 2025 after a more unfavorable period marked by political uncertainty. Although this uncertainty persists, the rebound in growth should be sustained. Unlike the political situation, other aspects of the French economy have improved (agricultural and aeronautical production, interest rates in the private sector, investment) or are on track to do so (German demand). The stabilization of the labor market and the sharp increase in business creation already confirm the rebound.
In Q2 2025, Italy's real GDP fell by -0.1% q/q. This decline marks the end of seven consecutive quarters of growth. Investment rose (+1% q/q) but could not compensate for the fall in net exports, while industrial production slipped 1.1% y/y. Despite the challenges, the latest turnover data and qualitative indicators show an increase in activity and new orders, as well as improved business confidence. The labour market remains robust: employment held steady at 24.2 million and the unemployment rate kept falling. Inflation stayed low at 1.7%, enabling purchasing power to rebound (+0.9% q/q)
After a strong first half of the year, Spanish growth should remain higher than that of its European neighbours in 2025 and 2026. Domestic demand is likely to remain the main driver, primarily supported by job creation, while the contribution of foreign trade is expected to become slightly negative. The budget deficit and the debt-to-GDP ratio should continue to benefit from significant nominal growth, which is nevertheless expected to slow gradually. Weak productivity could, however, hold back potential growth in the longer term, particularly as the available labour force begins to shrink.
Belgian growth fluctuated in the first half of this year, with a strong Q1 followed by a slowdown in Q2. Nevertheless, our nowcast for Q3 points to growth of 0.3% q/q, with renewed confidence among households and businesses. Export growth was subdued, hit by tariffs and the related uncertainty. However, the wage catch-up in neighbouring countries should improve Belgian’s competitiveness (wages are now rising faster than inflation in comparable European countries). House prices continue to rise, but the low number of new homes makes them less affordable. The public debt ratio is increasing by 2 percentage points per year and increased commitments to NATO are widening the deficit. The government has no choice but to take difficult decisions to reduce it.
After solid growth in H1 2025, the second half of the year is expected to see a slowdown (under the weight of US trade policy and UK fiscal policy). Despite the downside risks on the labour market and industry difficulties, growth is expected to be at a higher and stable rate in 2026 (+0.3% q/q on average) thanks to monetary easing. However, the policy mix will remain moderately restrictive, constrained by high inflation and gilt market pressures. Striking a balance between fiscal consolidation and growth remains a challenge in the UK.
The Japanese economy has been showing some momentum for just over a year. However, this performance is likely to fade in the second half of the year, not least as a result of the tightening of US trade policy. The labour market remains tight, and inflation continues to exceed the 2% target. Caught between an economic situation that may signal a weakening and a sharp rise in long-term interest rates amid fiscal concerns, the Bank of Japan (BoJ) is exercising extreme caution by raising its policy rate very gradually.
A series of six charts showing key economic indicators (GDP, inflation, unemployment, current account balance, budget balance, public debt ratio) and comparing the situations of the major advanced economies.
As widely anticipated, the 16-17 September FOMC meeting ended with the Fed reducing its target rate by 25bp, while reasserting its independence. While the marked slowdown in payroll growth prompted the Fed to cut the policy rate for the first time in 2025, it reiterated that future decisions would remain data-dependent. In our view, the downside risks to the labour market cast little doubt about the continuation of monetary easing. We anticipate two further 25bp cuts in October and December, bringing the target range to +3.5% – +3.75%, which is in line with market expectations. However, easing is likely to remain limited in terms of both timing and scope, given the actual and expected rebound in inflation.
Economic growth in emerging countries held up well in the first half of 2025. So far, US tariff measures have had little impact on global trade and therefore on their exports. Furthermore, domestic demand, another driver of growth in these countries, remains strong, in particular thanks to the support of domestic credit. Bank lending growth has returned to its pre-COVID level for a large number of countries, it exceeds potential GDP growth in real terms. This is a trend to watch, as it could lead to a deterioration in foreign trade and/or an increase in non-performing loans.
