GDP Growth and inflation
UNITED STATES
The U.S. economy continued to grow in Q4, although it slowed slightly compared to Q3. However, the main drivers of growth, namely household consumption and private inventories, are fragile, suggesting that the economy should continue to slow. This slowdown remains progressive however as evidenced by the slow puncture of the labour market, with job creation remaining high, the unemployment rate low and wage growth buoyant. Inflation seems to have peaked in the middle of 2022, but core disinflation remains gradual in such a way that headline inflation should stay significantly above the target of 2% by the end of 2023. From this point of view, the Fed is probably not quite done with raising its policy rates yet. The ongoing monetary tightening is expected to drive the US economy into recession in the second half of 2023 and limit the expected recovery in 2024.
CHINA
Economic growth, which was sluggish and unbalanced in 2022, will strengthen in 2023. The end of the zero Covid policy has led to a rebound in private demand and activity in the services sector since late January, and household consumption will continue to benefit from large catch-up effects in the short term. However, while export and industrial production prospects are darkened by the weakening in global demand, activity driven by the domestic market remains constrained by important drags. In fact, the recovery in the labour market remains uncertain, the improvement in the property and construction sectors is likely to be limited, and the worrying financial situation of local governments should constrain public investment. Fiscal and monetary support is expected to be prudent. Consumer price inflation, which averaged 2% in 2022, should accelerate only mildly in 2023.
EUROZONE
Economic growth in the eurozone was zero in the fourth quarter of 2022, but better than expected for 2022 as a whole, at 3.5%. It continued to surprise favorably in the early months of 2023 judging by the improvement in survey data (business confidence and, to a lesser extent, consumer confidence). However, the combination of the inflationary shock, the energy crisis and forced monetary tightening and the build-up of their negative effects will weaken activity in 2023. Real GDP growth should be weakly positive in 2023 and 2024, at 0.8% and 0.5% respectively. Although it is expected to decline throughout 2023, inflation would remain elevated and well above the 2% target at the end of this year and still a bit above at the end of 2024, forcing monetary policy to remain in restrictive territory.
FRANCE
Real GDP growth has decreased in H2 2022 (0.2% q/q in Q3 and 0.1% in Q4, after +0.5% in Q2). Corporate investment and inventory rebuilding have remained the main growth drivers, whereas household demand has played on the downside: household consumption has decreased by 1.2% q/q in Q4 and their investment by 0.9%. As inflation is still high (and has reached a new peak of 7.3% y/y in February 2023 according to the harmonized measure) and because of rising interest rates, household demand should remain subdued in 2023, weighing on our GDP growth forecast (0.5% in 2023, compared to 2.6% in 2022).
INTEREST RATES AND EXCHANGE RATES
Interest and exchange ratesIn the US, the Federal Reserve should continue its tightening policy, but the terminal rate of the federal funds seems to have moved closer given the ongoing tightening of monetary and financial conditions and lending standards.
Our forecasts now see it sooner and 50 basis points lower, at 5.25% (upper end of the target range) in May of this year. Given the expected slow decline in inflation and despite the economy entering recession, this level should be maintained through 2023 and only be followed by rate cuts in 2024.
US Treasuries are largely pricing in the upcoming rate hikes. In the near-term, there is still some upward potential, in view of the Fed’s bias, albeit somewhat less pronounced, to continue hiking, but subsequently yields should move lower as the inflation outlook improves and the market starts anticipating policy easing in 2024.
The ECB Governing Council is also expected to continue to raise its policy rates. If, for the Fed, we expect the hike in May to be the last one, for the ECB, the expected increase in May would be followed by two more, bringing the deposit rate at 3.75% in Q3. In the near term, government bond yields could resume rising if the ECB continues to tighten but thereafter yields should move lower, driven by a gradual decline in inflation. Lower US yields should also play a role in the decline of Eurozone yields.
The Bank of Japan has increased the upper end of its target range for the 10-year JGB yield to 0.5% and further adjustments to the yield curve control policy cannot be excluded. Nevertheless, we do not expect the BoJ to proceed with a rate hike.
We expect the dollar to weaken somewhat versus the euro. The dollar’s valuation is expensive, positioning in the market is very long and the long-term interest rate differential should narrow. We expect the yen to remain around current levels in the near term before strengthening versus the dollar considering that the federal funds rate should have reached its terminal rate.
