The recovery in loans for house purchase spread to all eurozone countries in March 2025, but the picture is still mixed. New loans to households for house purchase, excluding renegotiations, saw a year-on-year increase in all eurozone countries in March 2025, which is unprecedented since April 2022. However, it was a very mixed picture in terms of year-on-year increases, ranging from 4.3% in Croatia to 48.6% in Lithuania, with a volume-weighted average of 24.3% across the eurozone. As a result, new loans in the eurozone (EUR 60.3 billion) has returned in March 2025 to its August 2022 level, after hitting a low in January 2024 (EUR 37.0 billion).
Key figures for the French economy compared with those of the main European countries, analysis of data on the population and the French labour market, activity by sector, publication administration figures, inflation, credit and interest rates, corporate and household accounts.
Central European economies have defied pessimist predictions in recent years on their ability to cope with shocks. The region posted a less pronounced GDP contraction in 2020 compared to advanced EU countries. In 2022, at the onset of the Russia-Ukraine war, the region was viewed as the most exposed within Europe due its high energy dependence on Russia. However, the widely expected recession did not occur as these economies implemented generous fiscal stimulus. Central European countries are now facing the tariff shock imposed by the US administration. Will this time be different?
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Equity indices, Currencies & commodities, and Bond markets.
Our nowcasts for Q2 point to moderate growth in the Eurozone (+0.2% q/q) and France (+0.1% q/q). The Atlanta Fed's GDPNow suggests a rebound in US growth (+0.3% q/q) after the slight contraction in Q1.
The business climate is holding up. The composite PMI decreased (50.1) but remains in expansion area. The manufacturing index persists in negative territory but is getting better for the fourth month in a row. Expectations of activity in services fell sharply (53.1, the lowest level in five years).
The business climate remains fragile. The IFO index has been rising since the beginning of 2025, including in April (86.9, +0.2 pp m/m, historical average of 95.7). However, the economic outlook has darkened as a result of the trade tensions triggered by the protectionist shift in the United States. These tensions have now spread to the services sector (flash PMI down to 48.8 in April). Industry is showing signs of stabilisation, but the situation remains fragile.
Mixed business climate. A slight deterioration was noticeable in April (from 97 to 96), due to a decline in retail sales and a deterioration in construction activity to a new low. The manufacturing index benefited from a rebound in production, particularly in the aeronautics industry. Despite a slight improvement, the services index remains below its long-term average.
Business sentiment deteriorated sharply in April. Confidence in the services sector is at its lowest since October 2022, causing the economic sentiment index to plunge. Confidence in industry continues to deteriorate (-0.6pt m/m), also due to a decline in order-book levels.
Business sentiment remains buoyant. The European Commission's economic sentiment index has been rising for three months (103.8; +0.4 points m/m), driven by an improvement in industry (-4.2; +1.3 pt). Indices of production expectations for the months ahead and of stocks of finished products are improving.
Business climate is deteriorating: the services PMI (48.9) catch up the industrial PMI (45.4) in contraction territory in April, as does the composite PMI (48.2). The index of new export orders in the manufacturing sector (not taken into account in the calculation of the manufacturing PMI) plunges and approaches the lows reached during Covid.
A Downbeat Business Climate. The ISM Manufacturing index has declined for 4 consecutive months, and reached 48.6 in April (-0.2pp). Production, employment and new orders were all in contraction territory. The price-paid index (69.8) stood at its highest since 2022. Meanwhile, the ISM Non-Manufacturing index remained positive but slowed (50.8 in March vs. 54.1 in December 2024).
Services Driving Business Climate Up. Growth in activity resumed in April according to the Composite PMI (51.1, +2.2pp), supported by the Services PMI (52.2, +2.2pp). By contrast, the Manufacturing PMI remained in contraction territory (48.5, +0.1pp), penalized by the largest deterioration in new orders since February 2024.
Widespread deterioration. The official PMI for the manufacturing sector fell to 49 in April (from 50.5 in March) and the Caixin PMI fell to 50.4 (from 51.2 in March). The decline is widespread across all sub-components and heralds a significant slowdown in activity after the rebound in March. These are the immediate consequences of the new 145% tariffs imposed by the US on Chinese imports.
Since WWII ended, 80 years ago this week, the US dollar has been the unparalleled dominant currency at the center of the international monetary and financial system. Every now and then, questions have arisen about this dominance and for brief periods became front page material in the financial press. Despite the excitement invariably elicited, the answer was always, sit tight, nothing is going to change. This time feels different. In particular, financial markets’ reaction to the “Liberation Day” tariff announcements, whereby the dollar and US Treasuries sold off instead of being bought as the safe haven of last resort like in all previous crises. But it would be premature to call the end of dollar dominance.
Every Spring and Fall, economic and financial policymakers from the whole world gather in Washington DC for the IMF/WB Meetings. Thousands of private financial sector professionals tag along. All over town, in both formal and informal settings, participants share and compare with their peers their own assessments of the world’s economic prospects. In my 25 years of taking part in these Meetings, this was one of the most interesting ones, with a pervasive sense among participants of living through a pivotal moment of economic history. In what follows, I offer a distillation of what this global pulse-check revealed.
For several years now, Italy has had to generate primary budget surpluses in order to stabilize its public debt. The current level of fiscal deficits and the foreseeable increase in interest payments are likely to put the United States, the United Kingdom, and France in a similar situation in the coming years. These countries will ultimately have to balance their primary budgets if they want to stabilize their public debt.
• The euro area government deficit decreased in 2024 to -3.1% of GDP.• Italy and Greece posted primary surpluses even though their interest costs remain high• The fiscal adjustment that still needs to be provided by the countries whose deficits increased in 2024 (France, Austria, Belgium, Finland) will nevertheless act as a brake on growth in the zone.
The announcements on April 2, featuring a massive and widespread (albeit differentiated by country) increase in US tariffs, constitute a historic shock. The final extent of the damage and the aftershocks remain to be seen, but there is no doubt that the economic consequences will be negative, starting with the United States. They are already evident in the turbulence on US financial markets. Even if there is a de-escalation in the trade war, which is our base case scenario, uncertainty remains extremely high, and activity will be penalized for a long time.
