GDP growth, inflation, exchange and interest rates.
French growth has recorded a stop-and-go cycle during the last 4 years. While the Covid period initiated this phenomenon in response to successive lockdowns and reopenings of the economy, subsequent shocks generated precautionary behaviour: lowering inventories and sudden stop of growth at the time of the shock (energy crisis, impact of rising interest rates), and then inventories rebuilding and growth recovery thereafter. This phenomenon could contribute to growth during the course of 2024, after the stagnation recorded in the second half of 2023.
In February, the S&P Global Composite PMI improved for the fourth consecutive month (+0.3 points), to 52.1, its highest level since June 2023. This is a fairly clearly encouraging signal for Q1 global growth, especially as this improvement is being driven both by the manufacturing and services sectors. In February, the global PMI index in these two sectors reached its highest level since August 2022 and July 2023, at 50.3 and 52.4 respectively.
GDP growth, inflation, interest and exchange rates.
The economic situation in January and February highlights the uncertainties surrounding 2024 with, on the positive side, improvements in the business climate in several countries and resilient labour markets (Europe) or labour markets remaining dynamic (US). Combined with a disinflation trajectory not yet spreading to all sectors (services in particular), all these factors are tending to defer expectations of rate cuts.
With zero growth in the last quarter of 2023, the Eurozone has narrowly escaped recession, but economic activity is still hanging by a thread. Over 2023 as a whole, the increase in real GDP just reached 0.5%, and the carry-over effect for 2024 is null, as a result of a second half that was even weaker than the first one. Nevertheless, our Nowcast currently indicates growth of 0.3% q/q in Q1 2024, which is higher than our December forecast.
Business climate and consumer confidence indices remained stable at a low level in February, highlighting Germany's limited economic impulse in Q1. According to our forecasts, GDP growth should be zero, after a contraction of 0.3% q/q in Q4: growth without momentum (for the time being) but also without a carryover effect (-0.2% after Q4 2023).
The last time growth was significant (in Q2 2023, with +0.6% q/q), this was explained by significant restocking (contribution of 0.5 points, after a contribution of -0.4 points in the previous quarter). A similar restocking trend could occur in Q1 2024, following a negative contribution of inventories in Q4 2023 (-0.7 points). However, this very negative figure suggests that demand in Q1 is particularly subdued, and is not expected to contribute to growth (if growth were to prove positive).
January's business confidence surveys recovered in Italy: the composite PMI index rose 2.1 points and now stands at 50.7. This improvement was driven by services, for which the PMI returned to the expansion zone after six months in contraction territory (+1.4 points, at 51.2). The companies surveyed are now reporting an increase in upcoming new business (52.5; +4.4 points), bringing employment with it (51.2). Meanwhile, the deterioration in the manufacturing sector, observed since April 2023, is continuing to slow, with the associated PMI index gaining 3.2 points in January, standing at 48.5.
January's business confidence surveys showed signs of improvement. The composite PMI index points to an expansion in activity (51.5), driven by the ongoing solid performance of the services sector (52.1). The manufacturing sector is also seemingly enjoying a bit more tailwind at the start of this year. After ten months of contraction, the associated PMI is showing signs of recovery (49.2; +3.1 points), with Spanish companies reporting a lesser deterioration of all sub-indices, with the exception of the sub-index relating to suppliers' delivery times (44.5; -3.5 points).
The start of 2024 has seen an unexpectedly strong non-farm payrolls gain, hitting 353,000 in January (+30,000 m/m) – the highest figure seen for more than a year. In addition, this figure was coupled with a significant upward revision to the December data (330,000 jobs created, compared to the initial figure of 216,000). At the same time, the unemployment (+3.7%) and participation (+62.5%) rates remained stable.
The economic situation in the UK continued to deteriorate in Q4 2023. Real GDP contracted 0.3% q/q, after falling 0.1% q/q in Q3. Although economic activity remained marginally in positive territory for 2023 as a whole (with 0.1% growth), it deteriorated throughout the year, resulting in a negative carry-over effect for 2024. The growth outlook for 2024 is even more unfavourable, as economic activity is expected to stagnate in H1 before a sluggish recovery from summer onwards.
Japan entered a technical recession in H2 2023. The first estimate of Q4 GDP indicates a modest contraction of -0.1% q/q following a more significant downturn of -0.8% q/q in the previous quarter. More symbolically, Japan lost its ranking as the world's third largest economy (in nominal GDP) to Germany. Nevertheless, the strength of economic activity in H1 2023 had given the Japanese economy a significant growth carry-over, allowing the average annual growth rate to reach +1.9% for the year (compared to +0.9% in 2022).
There is a broad consensus amongst forecasters that Eurozone quarterly growth in real GDP will gradually pick up over the year on the back of a further decline of inflation, cuts in official interest rates, investments in the energy transition and those related to NextGeneration EU. Foreign trade may also play a role. Survey data of the European Commission and S&P Global have improved since the autumn of last year but their level remains below the historical average. Based on historical relationships, their positive momentum -recent observations are better than those 3 months ago- increases the likelihood that GDP growth in the first quarter will be better than in the final quarter of 2023.
Tunisia is going through a serious economic crisis. Real GDP contracted again in the fourth quarter, falling by 0.2% year-on-year after a decline of0.3% in the previous quarter. Estimates suggest that full-year growth was 0.4%, its lowest level for more than a decade (barring the Covid crisis).
Despite the positive momentum it would be premature to say that the recovery has started in the Eurozone, but at least we are moving in the right direction.
The post-Covid recovery in China’s economic activity was not as strong as expected in 2023. The property sector crisis deepened further at the end of the year, the demand for housing did not pick up again, and weak household confidence continues to weigh on household consumption. Conversely, the export-oriented manufacturing sector performed better than expected in the last quarter, in contrast with the performances of domestically oriented sectors. The authorities are maintaining an accommodative policy. However, the weak financial situation of local governments is constraining public investment, and the People's Bank Of China has little room for manoeuvre to revive credit growth. The banking sector is facing an increase in credit risk, but this is seemingly still under control.
The global composite PMI rose for the third consecutive month in January (up to 51.8 from 51 in December), reaching its highest level since June 2023. All sectors have contributed to this improvement in global activity. In January, the global manufacturing and services PMIs hit their highest levels since August 2022 and July 2023, respectively.
India’s economic activity remained healthy during the first half of the current fiscal year. Over the 2023/2024 full year, it is expected to be close to 7%, boosted mainly by sustained private and public investment. The rise in the investment rate for the second year in a row is particularly beneficial, as it addresses one of the country’s structural fragilities. Up until now, the constraints on production factors (both labour and capital) and the country’s lack of integration into global trade have made it less appealing, as evidenced by the further drop in FDI flows (-0.9% of GDP) over the first three quarters of 2023. However, the moderate current account deficit and large foreign exchange reserves are reducing the downward pressures on the rupee.
In Malaysia, economic growth remained robust in 2023 even if it decelerated due to unfavourable base effects. Domestic demand was the principal driver, whereas exports contracted substantially. The outlook for 2024 remains positive and economic growth is expected to recover slightly. The main areas of concern are the developments on the property market and in the construction sector (which contains a large number of the most fragile companies), the consolidation of public finances (which is still happening very gradually) and the evolution of external accounts
Strong household consumption and the return of tourists should help economic growth to accelerate over the next few quarters. The lack of competitiveness of the export sector and the effects of El Niño are the key risks to growth and exports. In addition, the political situation remains tense and the government coalition looks fragile. Budgetary slippage may occur and the Bank of Thailand is expected to pause its monetary easing.
